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Said Aminov
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dragoman
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30.03.2007 09:17:09
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Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence S-300V (SA-12a 'Gladiator'/SA-12b 'Giant') family of low to high-altitude surface-to-air missile systems
Development/Description
S-300
S-300V
S-300V1
S-300V2
9S457/9S457-1 Command Post (CP) vehicle
9S15M/9S15MV Obzor-3 surveillance radar
9S19M2 Imbir sector scanning radar
9S32/9S32-1 missile guidance station
9A82 and 9A83 missile launcher vehicles
9A84 and 9A85 loader-launcher vehicles
9M82/9M83 missiles
Variants
Antei-2500 (S-300VM)
Specifications
Status
Contractor
Development/Description TOP
The S-300V (NATO SA-12a 'Gladiator'/SA-12b 'Giant') is a multi-channel all-weather Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile (ATBM) and surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. The Russians sometimes refer to the 9M82 'Giant' ATBM as the S-300V2, while the 9M83 'Gladiator' is known as the S-300V1.
The system achieved limited operational service with the Russian Federation in 1986 using the 9M83 missile. The 9M82 missile is believed to have achieved full operational capability in 1992. The complete system is classed as the world's first operational ATBM.
In 1997, the then Antei revealed that the S-300V system could, with a modest investment of money and within a limited time scale, be modernised to improve the missile range to 200,000 m against 2,500 to 3,000 km range ballistic missile targets. The system could also be integrated into customer-designated target data information, command-and-control systems.
The Russian designations so far identified as being associated with the S-300V (SA-12) family include:
S-300 TOP
Overall class designator for missile systems with ranges up to 150 km and engagement altitudes up to 25 to 30,000 m. Includes both the S-300P (NATO SA-10 'Grumble') and S-300V (NATO SA-12).
S-300V TOP
(V = Vysokopodvizhnyi or 'high mobility'). The suffix denotes a high-mobility operational-tactical surface-to-air missile system with fast response times and tactical mobility characteristics. The suffix, 'V', has also been reported by Russian sources to indicate 'Voyskovoy', meaning tactical. The system uses the 75 km-range 9M83 and 100 km-range 9M82 missiles. Offered for export.
S-300V1 TOP
(V = Vysokopodvizhnyi or 'high mobility'). Suffix used to indicate high-mobility operational-tactical surface-to-air missile system using 9M83 missile types. The suffix, 'V', has also been reported by Russian sources to indicate 'Voyskovoy', meaning tactical. Used by Belarussian, Russian and Ukrainian air defence units.
S-300V2 TOP
(V = Vysokopodvizhnyi or 'high mobility'). Suffix used to indicate high-mobility operational-tactical surface-to-air missile system using the 9M82 missile types. The suffix, 'V', has also been reported by Russian sources to indicate 'Voyskovoy', meaning tactical.
Where the term Eh or E is in a missile system suffix, for example Igla-1E, this means Ehksportiynyi or 'export model'. It is quite often found in the text of technical brochures or data sheets prepared for foreigners.
All the vehicles used in the system are based on a modern derivative of the full-tracked MT-T tractor chassis for increased mobility. All the individual units include their own land navigation system, communications systems and auxiliary power sources.
The MT-T full-tracked vehicle series was originally designed and built at the Kharkov Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau in the Ukraine.
Full automation of deployment and out-of-action equipment operations allow the system to be operational within five minutes of arriving at a launch site and ready to travel 5 minutes after shutting down its subsystems.
A typical S-300V air defence missile brigade (ZRB: Zeniitnaya Raketnaya Brigada) comprises two elements:
The headquarters, command and tracking battery with the 9S457/9S457-1 Command Post (CP) vehicle, a 9S15M/9S15MV 360° surveillance radar vehicle (NATO designation 'Bill Board-A') and a sector scanning 9S19M2 radar (NATO designation 'High Screen') vehicle
The four batteries, each of which has a multi-channel 9S32/9S32-1 missile radar guidance station (NATO designation 'Grill Pan') and up to six Transporter-Erector-Launcher And Radar (TELAR) vehicles. The TELAR has a configuration to carry either two 9M82 or four 9M83 missiles.
The normal battery make up, in theory, is a mixed one of four SA-12a TELARs and two SA-12b TELARs although, in reality, this has tended to be six SA-12a TELARs, with Russian sources indicating six SA-12b TELARs as an alternative. The SA-12b weapon acts primarily as an Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile (ATBM) and the SA-12a as a dual-role anti-aircraft/anti-missile.
The total number of missiles per S-300V brigade varies from 96 to 192 rounds depending upon the number and types of TELARs in the batteries. For example, a solely SA-12a equipped brigade would have the maximum 192 (based on four rounds per TELAR and four reloads); a solely SA-12b equipped brigade would have 96 rounds (based on two rounds per TELAR and two reloads) and the normal mixed SA-12a/SA-12b brigade, 160 rounds.
The individual elements of the S-300V brigade comprise:
9S457/9S457-1 Command Post (CP) vehicle TOP
This tracked vehicle provides the command-and-control facilities for the brigade by monitoring up to a maximum of 70 initiated target tracks from the maximum of 200 identified targets that can be handed over from the 9S15 ('Bill Board-A') surveillance radar, allocating likely avenues of approach to the 9S19 ('High Screen') sector radar to search for high-speed missile targets, collating the resultant target data from all the available sources, including the 9S32 ('Grill Pan') systems and then assigning the threat priority. The 9S457 also receives information from external sources via the Polyana-D4 C3I system. The most dangerous of these (up to a maximum of 24) are then automatically designated to the most appropriate of the four 9S32 missile guidance stations of the batteries for engagement. Taking into account how dangerous the threat is, the degree of readiness of the missile batteries and the availability/status of the missiles performs the assignment. The whole engagement process is automated by the use of high-speed computer systems. Up to a maximum of 48 missiles can be simultaneously guided by the brigade assets at any one time against the maximum possible total of 24 targets engaged. Also, to ensure maximum engagement capability, highly sophisticated ECCM subsystems are fitted to all the S-300V radar elements that require them.
9S15M/9S15MV Obzor-3 surveillance radar TOP
(NATO designation 'Bill Board')
This provides long-range early warning and target acquisition data on up to 200 targets to the CP. For travelling, it folds down over the back of the vehicle. It has target coverage of 0 to +55° in elevation and completes a full rotation once every 6 to 12 seconds. Range limits are said to be from 10,000 to 250,000 m, with a system accuracy of 30 to 35 minutes of arc in azimuth and 250 m in range.
9S19M2 Imbir sector scanning radar TOP
(NATO designation 'High Screen')
This is needed for the brigade's anti-missile role. The centre of the search sector and its parameters are defined by the CP. Regular scanning of the designated search sector at ±45° azimuth and up to 50° in elevation occurs. Automatic track initiation and transmission of the trajectory and track parameters follow each very high-speed target trajectory detected to the CP. The data are prioritised and the CP instructs the 9S19 station on which the very high-speed targets are to be continuously tracked. Range is stated as being between 20,000 and 175,000 m. The 9S19 can simultaneously follow up to 16 target tracks and identify up to six jamming sources (or 20 tracks and three jamming sources).
9S32/9S32-1 missile guidance station TOP
(NATO designation 'Grill Pan')
Each battery has a 9S32-1 missile guidance station attached to it. The station is manned by a crew of five and receives its targeting assignments from the CP. The phased-array radar on the top of the station's cabin is carried in the horizontal position for travel and hydraulically raised for operational use. It is used to provide the final track data of designated targets and to perform horizon searches in its assigned sector from where low-altitude targets are likely to appear. When searching for a target with a 2 m2 radar cross-section, the maximum acquisition range is 150,000 m in its automatic mode, with pre-designation and 140,000 m in its manual mode. Accuracy is said to be seven to eight minutes of arc in azimuth, 0.7 to 1.4 m/s in velocity and 10 to 15 m in range. The antenna may be rotated to give 340° in azimuth coverage and surveys a 0 to 42° area in its normal operating mode. The vehicle is fitted with a prominent datalink antenna that is used to communicate with the neighbouring launcher vehicles. The 9S32 are used to remotely control the target illumination engagement radars on the TELARs, by transmitting the data necessary for missile launching and guidance to them. It can track up to 12 targets and control up to six missiles against those targets simultaneously.
9A82 and 9A83 missile launcher vehicles TOP
As stated, the basic three-man launcher vehicle can be configured to carry either two 9M82 'Giant' (the 9A82 TELAR) or four 9M83 'Gladiator' (the 9A83-1 TELAR) missile container-launcher tubes horizontally.
These tubes are raised to the vertical for missile launch and are carried horizontally for travel. When a TELAR receives the target data from its missile guidance station, it prepares either one or two missiles for launch. These can either be on their own vehicle or on an assigned LL vehicle. Once the missile(s) are fired, the TELAR works with the battery's 'Grill Pan' station by gathering the missile(s) in its radar beam and then transmitting the necessary missile guidance flight correction signals to intercept the target.
On the 9A83-1 TELAR, the engagement radar is mounted at the front of the launcher on a scissors-type mount which gives it a full 360° coverage in azimuth as well as full hemispheric coverage in elevation. On the 9A82 TELAR the radar is mounted in a semi-fixed position over the cab, giving 90° coverage to either side in azimuth or 110° coverage in elevation. The difference in the radar locations is because the 9A83-1 TELAR has a secondary anti-aircraft role and therefore needs a mast-mounted antenna to engage low-flying targets in any direction.
Typically, a target will be assigned either two missiles from one launcher or four missiles from two launchers. Pre-launch procedures take only 15 seconds and one missile can be fired every 1.5 seconds.
System deployment time is five minutes. The combat unit crews vary from three to five per vehicle and the combat weights from 35,000 to 48,000 kg.
9A84 and 9A85 loader-launcher vehicles TOP
These are similar to their respective TELARs (9A84 for the 9A82 and 9A85 for the 9A83-1 TELAR), but have the radar installation replaced by a hydraulically-operated crane assembly for loading/unloading the missile containers. The loader-launcher has the primary role of replenishing the missile on the TELAR when necessary, but it can erect the missile tubes for its own launch sequence if the primary launcher load has been exhausted and there is insufficient time for reloading. However, it requires a TELAR to provide radar assistance for the engagement.
A full range of maintenance, missile reload semi-trailers, automatic test stations, servicing and repair vehicles are also included in the brigade to support the missiles, vehicles and associated equipment in the field.
Training facilities in the form of operator trainers, full-scale missile mock-ups and instructional training models of the missile types are also available.
9M82/9M83 missiles TOP
The two-stage solid propellant-fuelled 9M82/'Giant' and 9M83/'Gladiator' missiles were developed by the Novator NPO design bureau and are designed for maximum commonality. The missiles are carried in recyclable container-launcher tubes that have to be raised to the vertical before a launch can occur. The missile is then ejected from the container to a height of about 50 m and, once clear, ignites its propulsion system.
The main difference lies in the size of the first stage booster unit fitted and the performance it endows. The 9M82 'Giant' has a maximum velocity of 2,400 m/s, whereas the 9M83 'Gladiator' has a maximum velocity of 1,700 m/s. The warhead fitted is a 150 kg focused HE fragmentation type (with both heavy and light fragment sizes produced), coupled to a command-controlled detonation fuzing system that can be optimised in flight using command station, missile guidance and proximity fuzing data to suit the target type, flight trajectory and projected miss distance. A series of detonation cords in the directional warhead are detonated in a command-controlled sequence to ensure that the effectiveness of the main HE filling and subsequent fragmentation pattern is substantially enhanced. During system testing, over 60 ballistic-type targets were successfully intercepted. The 65 to 900 km range missiles either had their warheads destroyed or the flight trajectory changed from the projected impact point by up to 15 km by the S-300V warhead detonations.
The 9M82 'Giant' missile is designed to engage near-strategic ballistic missiles, tactical battlefield missiles and aircraft targets (including stand-off jamming platforms) at ranges of up to 100,000 m. Some American sources credit its maximum range capability as being 200,000 m. This may, however, reflect the weapon's capability against a non-manoeuvring subsonic target such as a Boeing E-3 AWACS aircraft.
The 9M83 'Gladiator' missile is designed to engage aircraft targets (including those performing manoeuvres of up to 7 to 8g), tactical battlefield missiles, cruise missiles and some ballistic missile types.
A test firing at the Sary Shagan Missile Test Range (SSMTR) on 2 May 2001 was associated with the S-300V family. The resulting test report confirmed that a conventional warhead was used and that the aim of the trial was to improve missile defences in the Russian Federation. This could be another version of the S-300VM.
Variants TOP
Antei-2500 (S-300VM) TOP
The then Antei Concern developed the Antei-2500, which is an export variant of the S-300VM system. The S-300VM is a modification to the earlier S-300V series.
During the early part of 2007, a small reference publication celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Kapustin Yar Missile Test Range (KYMTR) made mention of yet another variant of the S-300V family, the designator used was S-300VMD, a previously unknown number. The developmental line starts with the Krug and follows through the S-300V, S-300VM and finally ends with the S-300VMD. The editor, therefore assumes that this is a follow-on type with the "D" probably identifying a long-range (Dальнегó) variant.
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