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Дата 31.08.2007 19:20:28 Найти в дереве
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Некогда, рассуждая в "ультрареспубликанском" духе, они отказались...

>Я так полагал наивно, что все эти "серебряные звезды" и "прурпурные сердца" - всего лишь медали. Или ордена специально для иностранцев?

...от орденов, именуя все награды медалями.
Орден, исторически связанный с монашескими, а затем с рыцарскими орденами, предполагает принадлежность награждённого к особому сословию, и возможное продвижение в иерархии ордена (степени ордена).
Это противоречит республиканскому принципу равенства всех граждан, и поэтому от понятия "орден" отказались. Хотя очень многие республики этим никак не смущались.
В 1942 году, однако, ввели эту награду, как для военнослужащих США ("и правительства Филиппинского сообщества"), так и для иностранных военнослужащих, установив 4 степени: чиф-коммандер, коммандер, офицер, легионер, наподобие "традиционных" орденов. Затем, впрочем, установили, что первыми тремя степенями награждаются только иностранцы, а для 4-й ввели равные по значению "медали легионера" для иностранцев, и "медаль Легиона Заслуг" для граждан США. Так что условие "не награждать граждан США орденами" формально выполнено, а "орденская" его часть стала военно-дипломатической наградой для иностранцев.

Высшая степень положена главам государств и правительств (за заслуги во время войны награждались также высокопоставленные генералы, не занимавшие такой пост):
British General Sir Kenneth A.N. Anderson, KCB, MC (first recipient)
Turkish ex-Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Hilmi Özkök
Turkish Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces Mehmet Yaşar Büyükanıt
China's Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
Soviet Marshal Georgy Zhukov
King Michael I of Romania
Indian Army Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa
Yugoslav Royal Army General Dragoljub Mihailovich
Admiral Sir Victor Crutchley VC, commander of Australian Navy in WW II
General Sir Peter de la Billière KCB, KBE, DSO, MC, commander of the British forces during Gulf War I

Вторая степень, по статуту, положена генералам в ранге, равном начальникам штабов США, (в военное время награждались генералы и в меньшем ранге):
Brazil's Brigadier General Amaro Soares Bittencourt was the first to receive the medal in a degree.
Ecuador's General de Ejercito (General of the Army) Paco Moncayo, because of his exceptionally superior performance as Chief of the Armed Forces Joint Command and his contribution to Ecuadorian history, politics and democracy
The Philippine's General Fidel Valdez Ramos, former President of the Philippines and a 1950 West Point United States Military Academy graduate
Australia's General Peter Cosgrove and General Sir Phillip Bennett
General Alfred John Gardyne Drummond de Chastelain, OC, CMM, CH, CD was appointed Commander of the Legion of Merit in 1995, and in 1999, he was made a Companion of Honour by HM The Queen. He is the former Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada) for the Canadian Forces and he is the Chairman of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning since November 1995 for the Northern Ireland peace process.
Stefan Rowecki "Grot," Polish General and the Commander of the Home Army. He was decorated posthumously on August 9, 1984 by Ronald Reagan.
Lt. Gen. Władysław Anders, Polish General and the Commander of the 2nd Polish Corps.
German Generals Adolf Heusinger and Wolfgang Schneiderhan

Третья степень, по статуту, генералам в ранге ниже, чем начальники штабов США и полковникам:
First recipients were Colonel Johanes K. Meijer of the Royal Netherlands Army, Major Herbert J. Thompson of the British Army, and Major Stephan M. Dobrowalski of the Polish Army.
In 1996 LGen Roméo Dallaire of the Canadian Army was made an Officer of the Legion for his role as Commander of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Rwanda during the civil war and subsequent genocide.
At the beginning of the North African campaign, General Lyman L. Lemnitzer accompanied General Mark Wayne Clark by submarine to North Africa. Upon arrival, about 60 officers were awarded the Legion of Merit and were among the first awarded the medal. By some misunderstanding as to the rules governing the awards, these 60 American officers were awarded the degree of Officer. According to Lemnitzer, President Roosevelt was quite annoyed but did not rescind the awards. These were the only U.S. officers awarded the Legion of Merit with a degree.
Air Chief Marshal Sir Glenn Torpy Head of the Royal Air Force, for his part in operation Telic/ Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Colonel Todd David Hess, First AF member to receive Army Legion of Medical Merit; DCCS LRMC, 435th Medical Squadron, Germany. First physician to ever perform a cataract extraction via phacoemulsification in the history of the RAF Lakenheath hospital.

Четвёртая всем прочим.
First award to Lieutenant Ann A. Bernatitus, heroic Navy Nurse who served at Bataan and Corregidor.[3]
David H. Hackworth - Highly decorated Vietnam veteran who was awarded several Silver Stars and two Distinguished Service Crosses
Hyman G. Rickover, the "Father of the Nuclear Navy"
Michael Mullen, six awards, Chief of Naval Operations
Edward L. Beach, Jr., commanding officer of USS Triton (SSRN-586) for the first submerged circumnavigation of the world.
Edwin Hubble, American astronomer, for his WWII work at the Aberdeen Proving Ground.
Paul X. Rinn, commanding officer of the USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58), who led his crew to save their mine-damaged warship in the Persian Gulf in 1988.
William C. Rogers III, former commanding officer of the USS Vincennes (CG-49), which shot down an Iranian jetliner in 1988.
David Niven, Lt-Col, British Commando in WWII.
Audie Murphy, most highly decorated US soldier of WWII.
Commander Kirk Lippold, Captain of the USS COLE(DDG 67) which was attacked by suicide bombers in the port of Aden, Yemen on October 12th 2000.
James G. Stavridis, U.S. Admiral, Southern Command, 5 awards.
Colonel Todd David Hess,First AF member to receive Army Legion of Medical Merit; DCCS LRMC, 435th Medical Squadron, Germany. First physician to ever perform a cataract extraction via phacoemulsification in the history of the RAF Lakenheath hospital.