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Пауль
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Pav.Riga
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27.06.2010 20:16:58
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Рубрики
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WWII; 1941;
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Re: Re:[2БорисК] Вас
> Всю жизнь был уверен, что французы после первой мировой как раз меньше всего хотели принять участие во второй и начало войны встретили, мягко говоря, без энтузиазма. А Вы говорите про "моральный подъем". Я в настроения во Франции в сентябре 39-го не силен, могу и ошибаться. Нельзя ли поподробнее, как-то развернуть тезис этот? Действительно интересно.
Ну вот пара цитат из работы Джулиана Джексона "The Fall of France. The Nazi Invasion of 1940", глава 4-я "Французский народ на войне" (The French people at war):
"Munich was the high point of inter-war pacifism. The fund to purchase a house for Chamberlain closed after a month with only £1,500 received, and the supply of umbrellas outstripped demand. From the start of 1939, the balance of public opinion shifted dramatically, and the all-out pacifists, instead of representing the most radical wing of the moderate pacifist majority, found themselves isolated. The congresses of the two biggest war veterans’ associations, which had been ardently pro-Munichois, registered a more belligerent stance in the spring of 1939. The peasant press that had been fervently pacifist in 1938 was no longer so in 1939. In May, the former Socialist Marcel Déat, an ardent pacifist, wrote an article entitled ‘Do you really want to die for Danzig?’ His appeal was largely ignored or condemned. Within the Socialist Party, Blum’s supporters now triumphed over the pacifist wing at the Congress of May 1939. Already the poll taken after Munich had shown that 70 per cent of the respondents favoured resisting further German demands. In July 1939 another poll showed that 70 per cent of the population was ready to resist a German move against Danzig, by force if necessary. There were many reasons for this change of mood: the feeling, after March 1939, that Hitler had proved he could no longer be trusted; the patriotic mood created by Mussolini’s sabre-rattling demands for French colonies; the economic recovery that had started at the end of 1938; the popularity of Daladier.
When war was declared in September 1939, the pacifist movement, so powerful a year earlier, seemed to have collapsed entirely. A manifesto calling for ‘immediate peace’ was published by the anarchist Louis Lecoin ten days after the declaration of war. The thirty-one signatories included all the usual suspects of the pacifist left, but after it was published many of them retracted their support, claiming that they had been misled about the use he intended to make of their names. Giono was put in prison for tearing down mobilization posters. The fact that pacifism could no longer be
expressed openly did not mean that it had entirely disappeared on either right or left. On 30 August 1939, the headline of the extreme right-wing newspaper Je suis partout proclaimed ‘Down with War. Long live France!’. In
the Socialist Party, pacifists like Paul Faure went into a kind of internal exile. Another Socialist, Ludovic Zoretti, ran a semi-clandestine newspaper, Redressement, which expressed the unreconstructed pacifism of many Socialists. But these were isolated voices which certainly, for the moment at least, expressed the view of only a small minority. France in 1939 was still a
pacifist society, but one which had accepted, reluctantly, the necessity of war".
"The French people may not have demonstrated great enthusiasm for war in 1939, but they did not show much opposition to it either. As in 1914, the number of soldiers refusing the call-up was tiny. ‘Resolution’, ‘gravity’, and ‘calm’ were the words most frequently used by the Prefects to describe the attitude of the population. ‘Something between resolution and resignation’ reported the Prefect of the Rhône. William Bullitt’s comment, quoted above, contrasting the situation in 1939 with 1914 went on to say of 1939 that
‘there was no hysterical weeping of mothers and sisters and children. The self-control and quiet courage has been so far beyond the usual standard of the human race that it has a dream quality.’ The British Ambassador talked of the population’s ‘quiet determination’.
Вкратце Мюнхен был высшей точкой "нежелания войны" французским населением, но вскоре оно стало меняться к мнению, что надо противостоять следующим запросам Гитлера, в т.ч., если понадобится, силой оружия. Аналогичные изменения происходили и в политической части.
Начало войны и мобилизация были хоть и встречены без истерического энтузиазма, но со спокойной уверенностью, что воевать надо.
>С уважением к Вашему мнению.
С уважением, Пауль.