От Graycat
К Геннадий
Дата 18.10.2002 01:21:34
Рубрики WWII; Современность;

И Японская армия разрабатывала атомное оружие в 1941м

а немцы с 38-39го - тоже наверное не рыбу глушить


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Atomic Bomb Chronology: 1930-1941

1930. 3 [U.S.A.] Pluto discovered by C.W.Tombaugh. (see plutonium)
1930 [Germany] Discovery of radiation which penetrates a leadblock by Walter Bethe. (Received 1954 Nobel prize.)
1932. 1.18 [France] Proton emission from beryllium irradiated by alpha-ray, discovered by Frederick Joliot and Irene Curie.
1932. 2.27 [England] Neutron discovered by James Chadwick, verifying@Rutherford's Baker Lecture. (Received 1935 Nobel prize.)
1932. 2 [U.S.A.] Cyclotron developed by Ernest Orlando Lawrence and@M.S.Livingston of California University, 27.5 inch size developing one@million electron volts. (Received 1939 Nobel prize)
1932. 4 [England] Conversion of element by John Douglas Cockcroftand Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton. Emergence of helium by irradiating highspeed proton to lithium, based on Gamow's tunnel effect. (Received 1951Nobel prize)
1932. 8. 2 [U.S.A.] Positron discovered by Carl David Anderson, detecting a cosmic-ray shower using a cloud chamber. (Received 1936 Nobel prize)
1932 [U.S.A.] Deuterium discovered by Harold Clayton Urey. (Received1934 Nobel prize)
1932.12 Albert Einstein seeks refuge in Belgium.
1933. 3.30 Leo Szilard escapes from Berlin to Vienna.
1933.5 L. Szilard moves to England.
1933. 9. 9 A. Einstein moves to England.
1933. 9.12 [England] Idea of chain reaction via neutron by L.Szilard.He took a hint on the Times' report of Rutherford's lecture about atomic@transition. The idea of atomic bomb was patented in 1934. The patent was@transferred in secret to England's navy, 1936.2.
1933.10. 7 Albert Einstein moves to U.S.A.
1933.10 The 7th Solvay meeting. M. Curie, E. Rutherford, N. Bohr,L. Meitner, W. Heisenberg, W. Pauli, E. Fermi, J. Chadwick, G. Gamow, F.and I. Curie, P.M.S. Blackett, R.E. Peierls. In Brussels. On the structure@of proton.
1933.10 G. Gamow escapes from Soviet Union, seeks refuge in U.S.A.@after the Solvay meeting.
1933.12 [Italy] Weak interaction and beta-decay theory by Enrico@Fermi. (Received 1938 Nobel prize.)
1933 Rudolf Ernst Peierls seeks refuge in England.
1933 [Germany] Project of rocket development; by v.Brown.
1934. 1.15 [France] Artificial radioactivity. F. and I. Curie detected@radioactive phosphorus and positron by means of a Geiger counter after irradiating aluminum with alpha-rays from polonium. Blessed by M.Curie who was suffering from leucaemia caused by irradiation. (Recieved 1935Nobel prize)
1934. 5.10 [Italy] Transuranic elements assumed by E.Fermi based on@experimental results of irradiation of proton from radon and beryllium@to uranium
1934. 9 [Germany] Possibility of nuclear fission proposed by Ida@Noddack, a feminine scientist, not attracting attention.
1934.10.22 [Italy] Radioactivity induced by slow neutrons discovered@by E.Fermi.
1934 [United Kingdom] Hydrogen fusion reaction discovered by Marcus Oliphant and Paul Harteck, Cavendish Laboratory. Bombarding hydrogen2-deutreum, in the form of concentrated heavy water- with deuterium-accelerated nuclei.
1934 [U.S.S.R.] A small cyclotron was built by Abram I. Alikhanov and Igor Kurchatov. The first cyclotron operating outside U.S.A.
1935 [Japan] Meson predicted by Hideki Yukawa. Pi meson is a hadron@involved in alpha-decay and nuclear force. (Received 1949 Nobel prize.)
1936. 1.27 [Denmark] Liquid-drop model of atomic nucleus proposed by@Niels Bohr.
1936 [England] Energy production by conversion of hydrogen to@helium proposed in a lecture by Francis William Aston.‚d‚‚ƒ2. A glass of water is enough for a full speed cruise of the Queen Mary in Atlantic Ocean.
1937 [U.S.A.] Cyclotron with 60 inches diameter and 220 tons magnet; Planed by E.Lawrence as a medical appliance, depending on private contribution.
1938. 9 [France] Radioactivity with a half life of 3.5 hr produced@by neutron irradiation of uranium is from lanthanum, reported by Curie and Savitch.
1938 [U.S.A.] Uranium 235 and uranium238(ratio@of 1:139 in natural uranium), analyzed by Alfred Nier by means of Dempster's@mass spectrometer.
1938 [Germany] Isotope-separating device developed by Klaus Cladius@and G.Dicker employing a gas thermal diffusion method.
1938.12.19 [Germany] Uranium nuclear fission: Barium is detected@by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann after irradiation by neutron of uranium@at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. They asked L.Meitner's comments by a letter.@Beginning of the Barium Fantasy. (Received 1944 Nobel prize.)
1939. 1. 6 [Denmark] A theoretical explanation of nuclear fission of@uranium written by L.Meitner and Otto Frisch employing a liquid drop model and theory of relativity. Next day N.Bohr brought a copy of the paper to@U.S.A. Conversion of one fifth of the mass of a proton to energy is plausible.
1939. 1.13 [Denmark] Detection of uranium nuclear fission by a cloud@chamber by Otto Frisch. Later nuclear fission of thorium was verified.@Thorium nuclear fission is triggered with fast neutron.
1939. 1.14 [Denmark] Nuclear Fission named by Otto Frisch, an analogy@of bacterial cell division called binary fission, suggested by William Arnold, an American Biologist.
1939. 1.17 [Denmark] Otto Frisch submits a@paper of the theory and experiments@on nuclear fission of uranium.
1939. 1.25 [U.S.A.] Verification of the uranium nuclear fission by means@of an oscilloscope by Herbert Anderson, a student of Fermi. Emission of neutron by irradiating hydrogen with deuteron accelerated by means of cyclotron@at Columbia University. Failure in previous experiment by Fermi in Rome@was due to an obstruction by aluminum foils.
1939. 1.26 [France] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by J. and@I. Curie. They failed to detect neutron emission.
1939. 1.26 [U.S.A.] The fifth Washington meeting sponsored by American@Physics Society. N. Bohr, E. Fermi, Otto Stern, H.C. Urey, Gregory Bright,@Issidor Isaac Rabi, G. Gamow, E. Teller, Merle Tuve. Lectures by N.Bohrand E.Fermi on the uranium nuclear fission called "splitters."
1939. 1.28 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by Richard@Roberts and Robert Meyer. Emission of neutron on irradiating lithium with@deutron accelerated by a van de Graaff accelerator, was employed for irradiation@of uranium. Demonstration to members in the Washington Conference. Delayed@neutron was detected in later experiments, a discovery suggesting a possibility@of reactor control.
1939. 1.30 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by Phillip@Abelson. Luis Walter Alvarez transferred the news of nuclear fission of@uranium to Abelson. They found tellurium-52 and zirconium-40 as the fission@products. J.R.Oppenheimer, as noted by Alvarez, predicted neutron emission@and possibility of developing atomic bomb.
1939. 2.7 [U.S.A.] Nuclear fission of 235uranium is caused@by slow neutron, a theory proposed by N.Bohr and John Archibald Wheeler.
1939. 3.17 [U.S.A.] The first meeting on nuclear energy for military@purposes. The first proposal by scientists (G.P. Pegram and E.Fermi) of@the development of atomic bomb to Navy. E. Fermi talked on the controlled@reaction by slow neutron, explosion by fast neutron and reaction in the@supernova.
1939. 3 [France] More than one neutron emitted with nuclear fission@of uranium observed by J. Curie, Hans Halban and Lew Kowarski.
1939. 3 [U.S.A.] About two neutrons emitted with nuclear fission@of uranium verified independently by L.Szilard and Walter Zinn.
1939. 4.22 [France] Number of neutrons emitted with nuclear fission@of 235uranium is 3.5 /fission. Later corrected to 2.6/fission.By F.J.Curie, H.Halban and L.Kowarski.
1939. 4.29 [Germany] A secret conference about a research program on the nuclear bomb in Berlin. A trade embargo on uranium and radium. Letter of Paul Harteck.
1939. 4 [U.S.A.] John Dunning's request to Alfred Nier to separate235uranium.
1939. 7.3 [U.S.A.] Idea of nuclear reactor (pile) by E.Fermi and L.Szilard.Natural uranium as fuel and graphite as moderator of neutron energy.
1939. 8. 2 [U.S.A.] A letter of A.Einstein to President Roosevelt.L. Szilard, E. Teller and E. Wigner persuaded Einstein to warn President@Roosevelt of German menace. The letter suggested the possibility of uranium@bomb.
1939. 9.16 [Germany] A secret conference in Berlin on Bohr's paper about@nuclear fission.
1939. 9.26 [Germany] The second Berlin meeting. Start of German nuclear@bomb project: Kurt Diepner, Erich Bagge , W. Heisenberg and Paul Harteck.
1939.10.11 [U.S.A.] Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt, presented@by Alexander Sachs.
1939.10.21 [U.S.A.] The 1st uranium advisory committee. Financial aid@to development of nuclear reactor rather than to yet uncertain atomic bomb.[A. Lyman, J. Briggs, A. Sachs, L. Szilard, E. Teller and E. Wigner]
1939.10 [England] An idea by J. Chadwick for an atomic bomb utilizing@natural uranium based on a paper by R.Peierls, mass needed for critical@state: 30-40 tons.
1939.12.6 [Germany]Report by W.Heisenberg of the possibility of a uranium@bomb to Germany Department of War.
1939.12 [U.S.A.] A discovery by Edwin Mattison McMillan of the existence@of the radioactive substance that stays in uranium on nuclear fission experiment.
1939 [U.S.A.] A theory of energy production in stars by Hans Albrecht@Bethe, the carbon cycle. (Received 1967 Nobel Prize.)
1940.2.1 [England] An idea by O.Frisch and E.Peierls of highly@enriched uranium bomb presented in a 3 page memo describing the critical@mass as 600 g. Presented via Mark Oliphant of Birmingham University to@Henry T. Tizard.
1940.2.29 [U.S.A.] Separation of uranium235 by A.Nier. 1/1,000,000,000gon a nickel film was sent to John R.Dunning in a letter. Uranium chloride(IV)or uranium fluoride(IV) was used. Minnesota University.
1940.2 [U.S.A.] Uranium research budget of $6000 authorized: the@purchase cost of graphite for E.Fermi and L.Szilard.
1940.3.2 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium235 fission@with slow neutron by J.Dunning (irradiation by a cyclotron of a sample@separated by A.Nier. (Colombia University)
1940.4.9 [Germany] Invasion and occupation of Denmark.
1940.4.10 [England] George Paget Thomson committee. Small scale separation@experiments utilizing uranium fluoride(VI) agreed.
1940.4.24 [England] The 2nd George Paget Thomson committee.
1940.4.28 [U.S.A.] The 2nd uranium advisory committee. Necessity of basic research admitted. George B. Pegram and E. Fermi sit in.
1940.5.10 [U.S.A.] President Roosevelt's appeal for cooperation of@The American Scientists Federation. E. Teller decides to participate in@nuclear weapon research.
1940.5.27 [U.S.A.] A new 93rd element is discovered through irradiation@of uranium oxide using deutrons accelerated by a cyclotron. Called Neptuniumby E.McMillan. (Received 1951 Nobel Prize)
1940.5.27 [U.S.A.] The possibility of nuclear fission of transuranic@elements proposed by Louis A. Turner.
1940.6 [France] H. Halban and L. Kowarski escape to England carrying180 L heavy water with all the data of J.Curie. An test of a chain reaction@utilizing the heavy water carried out at the Cavendish Laboratory failed.
1940.6 [U.S.A.] National Defense Research Committee(NDRC) swallows@up uranium advisory committee. Project for enriching 235uranium and elimination of refugee scientists discussed.
1940.6 [England] A gas dispersion method experiment by Franz Simon,@utilizing a copper partition for separating vapor and carbon dioxide.
1940.6 [England] Renaming of George Paget Thomson committee to MAUD@committee.
1940.6 [Soviet Union] Uranium Committee established in Academy of@Science by Igor Kurchatov. Interrupted due to German invasion in June,1941.

------------- 4 tevolga & agoldin

1940.10 [Japan] Army commander Suzuki's report of the possibility@of developing an atomic bomb based on a survey of uranium deposit in Chinese@and Burma.
1940.11 [U.S.A.] Start of experiment on gas dispersion method for@enriching uranium-235 by H.Urey and J.Dunning. Uranium fluoride(VI) vaporizes@at 56 deg C.
1940.12.15 [U.S.A.] Nuclear fission of the new element 94239foreseen by E.Fermi and E. Segre. The possibility of a new element produced@in a nuclear reactor.
1940.12.16 [U.S.A.] A new element 94239. A plan for production@utilizing the 60-inchs cyclotron proposed by E. Lawrence, E. Segre, E.Fermi and G. Pegram.
1940.12.28 [England] A new idea of heavy water nuclear reactor by H.Halban.@A method for separation of element 93, discovered by Pletcher was conveyed@to U.S.A.
1940.12 [England] A plan for a factory for separation of uranium235by F.Simon. (MAUD committee, gas dispersion method.)
1940.12 [England] A possibility of nuclear fission of new element94 reported to MAUD committee.
1940.12 [Japan] A measurement of cross-section started by Yoshio@Nishina. Blueprint of 60-inch cyclotron was a gift of E. Lawrence.
1940 [Soviet Union] Spontaneous fission of uranium discovered@by George Flerov.
1941 [U.S.A.] P.Abelson moves to Navy Research Institute in order@to develop a small size nuclear reactor for submarine.
1941.1.28 [U.S.A.]A new element 94238discovered by E.Segreand Glenn T. Seaborg. Uranium oxide was irradiated by deutrons accelerated@with a cyclotron. (Received 1951 Nobel prize.)
1941.2.23 [U.S.A.] New element 94 chemically separated as a solution@by E. Segre, G. Seaborg and Arthur Wall.
1941.3.6 [U.S.A.] New element 94239 by irradiation of 1.2kg uranium oxide with neutrons emitted from beryllium irradiated by deutron.1 microgram of element was obtained. E. Segre and G. Seaborg.
1941.3.17 [U.S.A.] E. Lawrence proposes promotion of "uranium plan" based on conviction of the enriching method of uranium-235 utilizing@cyclotron.
1941.3.28 [U.S.A.] Verification of nuclear fission of new element 94239by E.Segre,G.Seaborg and Joseph Kennedy. Irradiation of new element 94by paraffin-decelerated neutron emitted from beryllium irradiated by deutron.@About 1.5 times of that by uranium irradiation.
1941.3 [U.S.A.] Improved measurement of cross section of uranium235by M.Tuve (the result was transmitted to England).
1941.3 [England] Critical mass of uranium235 calculated by R.Peierls.
1941. 3 [U.S.A.] Lend-Lease Act. President Roosevelt proposed to help Britain and other countries defend themselves against Germany.

------------- 4 tevolga & agoldin

1941.4 [Japan] Army approves atomic bomb research.

1941. 5 [United Kingdom] Klaus Fuchs, a German emigre theoretical physicist, a student of R. Peierls, started research of atomic bomb. A stalwart communist and Soviet espionage agent.
1941. 6.22 [Germany] Invasion by Hitler into Soviet Union.
1941.5.18 [U.S.A.] Cross section of new element 94239 assessed@by E.Segre and G.Seaborg. Nuclear fission caused by slow neutron is 1.7times of that in uranium235.

------------- 4 tevolga & agoldin

1941.5 [Japan] A lecture by Tokutaro Hagiwara of explosive uranium235.
1941.6.23 [England] George Paget Thomson and MAUD committee reports@convincing evidence of developing uranium235bomb.
1941.7.7 [England] The conclusion of MAUD committee transmitted to@U.S.A.
1941.7.11 [U.S.A.] A memorandum regarding a nuclear fission of the94th element by E.Lawrence. (Possibility of plutonium bomb)
1941.7.24 [U.S.A.] The cross section of new element 94239:The nuclear fission caused by slow neutron is 3.4 times of that of uranium238.
1941.8 [England] Encouragement by M.Oliphant to nuclear power project@in U.S.A.
1941.9 [U.S.A.] Triggering by atomic bomb of hydrogen bomb studied@by E. Fermi and E. Teller.
1941.9 [U.S.A.] Construction of a graphite pile started by E. Fermiand L. Szilard.
1941.10.9 [U.S.A.] MAUD report brought to President Roosevelt by Vannevar@Bush. Atomic bomb development project started with transferring the focus@from nuclear reactor to atomic bomb.
1941.10 Discussion by N. Bohr and W. Heisenberg of a heavy water@type pile in Copenhagen.
1941.11.6 [U.S.A.] The 3rd NSA report of Compton committee. (Uranium@bomb possible within 3-4 years. Fifty to one hundred million dollars for@uranium enriching plant.)
1941.11.27 [U.S.A.] Submission of the 3rd NAS report to President Roosevelt.
1941.11 [U.S.A.] Separation of uranium235 by J.Dunning@and U.Booth. (A gas dispersion method using uranium fluoride(VI).)
1941.12.1 [U.S.A.] Data of nuclear fission of new element 94239given to A.Compton by E.Lawrence.
1941.12.2 [U.S.A.] Separation of 100 micrograms uranium235by E.Lawrence.
1941.12.6 [U.S.A.] Submission of plutonium bomb project by A.Compton.
1941.12.6 A counterattack to Germany corps by Soviet Union in Moscow.
1941.12.9 [U.S.A.] A plutonium bomb project started by A. Compton and@V. Bush without report to President Roosevelt.
1941.12.16 [U.S.A.] V. Bush required participation of Engineering Brigade@in atomic bomb project.
1941.12.18 [U.S.A.]OSRD creates the S-1 committee, a special committee@created by V.Bush. [Connant, Briggs, Pegram, Compton, Lawrence, Urey, Samuel@Allison, G.Bright, Edward Condon and Henry DeWolf Smyth]
1941.12.20 [U.S.A.] Budget for developing atomic bomb of $651,000 (half@year portion) authorized.
1941.12 [U.S.A.] Calutron built by E.O. Lawrence: A 184-inch cyclotron@to separate U235. By the summer of 1942 most of the design problems@had been solved. The new machine was named Calutron after the University@of California.
От FVL1~01
К Graycat (18.10.2002 01:21:34)
Дата 18.10.2002 15:57:31

Да крепка трава кашгарский план :-) (-)
От Владимир Несамарский
К Graycat (18.10.2002 01:21:34)
Дата 18.10.2002 09:40:54

Слишком сильно сказано:-))

Приветствую

Япония была развитой научной державой и, разумеется, пройти мимо расщепления урана японские ученые никак не могли. В 1940 г. работы по атомной энергии на основе цепной реакции расщепления урана были поручены Японскомй Физико-Химическому Институту (так называемый РИКЭН, существующий и процветающий поныне). Работы велись до самого конца войны, РИКЭН не пострадал от бомбардировок, хотя был расположен в центре Токио. Забавно, кстати, что теперь на этом месте находится, помимо всего прочего, Подворье Русской Православной Церкви в Японии. Вернемся, однако, к самому существенному - работы РИКЭН находились настолько на периферии внимания японских военных, что призванные для консультации после Хиросимы и Нагасаки специалисты ничего об этом не знали и высказывали предположения, что США применили некую разновидность того, что сейчас именуется боеприпасом объемного взрыва. Так что говорить, что "японские военные разрабатывали атомную бомбу" - очень сильное преувеличение:-))

С уважением Владимир http://bunburyodo.narod.ru
От tevolga
К Graycat (18.10.2002 01:21:34)
Дата 18.10.2002 09:30:47

Это надеюсь не из Юнга?

"Велика терпимость бумаги!!! На ней можно написать "На холмах Грузии", а можно донос"(c)
Вы более точную ссылку дадите или опять препираться будем?

Я никогда не сомневался, что во всем мире в то время вели работы по изучению атомного ядра, цепной реакции на уране, изучению изотопов. Япония как ведущая страна не могла пройти мимо этого.
Все эти работы(во всех странах) могли превратиться в то, что сейчас мы называем "ядерный проект", т.е. перейти из области только научных изысканий в область промышленного освоения и практического использования. Но превратились они в это самостоятельно только в двух странах(тогда). Хотя году в 35-39 ближе всех стояли все-таки немцы(у них были все предпосылки)

C уважением к сообществу.
От Graycat
К tevolga (18.10.2002 09:30:47)
Дата 18.10.2002 17:52:54

Теволге (ФВЛ + Кошкин) про Японию

>"Велика терпимость бумаги!!! На ней можно написать "На холмах Грузии", а можно донос"(c)
>Вы более точную ссылку дадите или опять препираться будем?

1940.10 Japan Army commander Suzuki's report of the possibility of developing an atomic bomb based on a survey of uranium deposit in China and Burma.
1941.4 Japan Army approves atomic bomb research.
1941.5 A lecture by Tokutaro Hagiwara of explosive uranium235.
1943.7.2 Yoshio Nishina reports the feasibility of A-bomb to army. Employing thermal diffusion method.
1945.4.12 Riken Scientific Institute destroyed: End of Japanese A-bomb project.


Поясните пожалуйста - вы утверждаете что эти факты - враньё ?

И если да, то потому что имеете опровергающие их сведения, или просто потому что они на укладываются в вашу доктрину ?
От FVL1~01
К Graycat (18.10.2002 17:52:54)
Дата 18.10.2002 21:49:12

Итак ИСТОЧНИКИ на разработку и ПОСТРОЙКУ в Японии в 1939-1945 году

И снова здравствуйте


1.Комплекса для разделения изотопов с производительностью больше нескольких десятков грамм в год.

2. Работ по строительству реактора провинувшихся ДАЛЬШЕ сталии выкапывания котлована.

Без этого любое получение уранил-ацетата для нужд фотографии, солей радия и полония для стрелок часов и шкал приборов и разделения изотопов в доли грамма для медицинских исследований можно ОБОЗВАТЬ Японским атомным проектом. Что вы и пыжитесь сделать...

Факты плиз
Фотографии объектов. Производительность, закупки сырья...
С уважением ФВЛ
От Андю
К Graycat (18.10.2002 17:52:54)
Дата 18.10.2002 19:14:29

Я не Теволга ФВЛович Кошкин, но смело утверждаю, что это не факты, а трёп. (-)
От И. Кошкин
К tevolga (18.10.2002 09:30:47)
Дата 18.10.2002 10:25:57

Я бы сказал, это - из Фрейда))) (-)
От Андю
К Graycat (18.10.2002 01:21:34)
Дата 18.10.2002 03:46:41

А откуда это и кто автор, силь ву пле ? (+)

Приветствую !

>1941.12.6 A counterattack to Germany corps by Soviet Union in Moscow.

ИМХО, подобные перлы заставляют к сожалению усомниться в адекватности автора и в "фактах" в его изложении.

Всего хорошего, Андрей.