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2 Олег Радько PENGUIN 1/2/3 (AGM-119)

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4 Images
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS, NORWAY

Date Posted: 12 August 2002


Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 38

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PENGUIN 1/2/3 (AGM-119)
Type

Short-range, ship-, land- or air-launched solid-propellant, single warhead, anti-ship missiles.

Development

The Penguin 1 anti-ship missile was developed in order to meet the requirement of the Royal Norwegian Navy for an anti-invasion weapon system for small ships operating in coastal waters. Development took place during the years 1961-1970, as a joint effort by the Navy, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (NDRE) and Norsk Forsvarsteknologi A/S (NFT) (now Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace). In 1972, the missile completed its tactical/operational evaluation and the Penguin Mk 1 missile system became operational on the `Storm' and `Snögg' class Fast Attack Craft (FAC). In 1974, a new development programme was started under contract from the Royal Norwegian and Royal Swedish navies. The purpose of this programme was to increase the missile's range and incorporate some further improvements. This programme was completed in 1979, and the missile system entered production designated Penguin Mk 2.
In 1980, NFT (now Kongsberg) was awarded a contract to develop, in co-operation with the NDRE, a modified Penguin Mk 2 missile for use as an anti-ship weapon system for the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNOAF) F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft. The new missile, designated Penguin Mk 3, was designed to be air launched from a standard AGM-12 Bullpup pylon. Penguin Mk 3 does not have the tandem boost motor fitted to the Mk 2 ship- and helicopter-launched missiles. Initial captive carry flights were carried out using F-104G aircraft and the first Norwegian air launch of a Penguin Mk 3 took place in 1985. In 1986, a US Air Force (USAF) F-16 launched the first of a number of Penguin Mk 3 missiles, which now had the US designation AGM-119A. These USAF tests were part of the system integration evaluation under a Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and USA sponsored F-16A/B Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU) programme.
Penguin Mk 3 entered service with the RNOAF in 1989 for use on the centre wing pylon of the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
Although helicopter launching of the Penguin Mk 2 was considered by a Norwegian feasibility study as early as 1981, US Navy interest became the driving force behind the new missile version, designated Mk 2 Mod 7 and later AGM-119B. The United States Navy (USN) began to assess its requirement for a helicopter-launched anti-ship missile in 1983 and, in 1984, it concluded that Penguin could be adapted for use on the SH-60B Sea Hawk for the USN LAMPS III programme. Tests carried out in 1986 showed that the missile could be carried for air-to-surface roles, without reducing the SH-60B's effectiveness in its prime ASW role. The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 retains the Mk 2 tandem booster motor, incorporates several of the improvements introduced in the Mk 3 variant and the folding-wings allow up to four weapons to be carried (two on either side of the helicopter).
In 1986, an agreement was signed between Grumman (now Northrop Grumman) and NFT (now Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace) to develop jointly the Mk 2 Mod 7 missile and SH-60B Seahawk modifications. In 1989, a USN advanced acquisition contract was placed for a first series production batch of Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles and associated equipment. In 1991, it was reported that the system integration programme had been concluded and that both technical evaluation and operational evaluation had been successfully completed. As well as being cleared for use from the SH-60B Seahawk, the Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 has also been cleared for carriage on the Westland Super Lynx, SH-2G Seasprite and S-70B helicopters. Flight tests started in 2000 to clear the missile for use on Australian SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite helicopters, to be used from Anzac (MEKO 200) class frigates. In 2000, ADI in Australia completed the development and started to manufacture a new insensitive munition warhead for the Penguin Mk 2 missiles, to improve safety during their storage on ships. The Mk 2 Mod 7 missile has also been adapted for tube-launching from ships and coastal defence batteries.
Penguin Mk 2 missiles have been fitted to `Oslo' class frigates and to `Storm', `Hawk', `La Combattante III', `Kartal', `Snogg', `Hugin' and `Norrköping' class fast attack craft.
Reports since 1990 have indicated that design studies have been made for a Penguin Mk 4 missile with increased range and, in 1994, this was renamed the Nytt Sjömals Missil (NSM). Further details of the NSM programme can be found in the Unclassified Projects section, under International programmes. In 1998, Kongsberg proposed a new IIR seeker for Penguin missiles, believed to be based on the seeker selected for the NSM programme.

Description

The Penguin Mk 2, ship-launched, anti-ship missile system consists of the missile in its box launcher/transport container, missile control cabinet, operational panel, bridge firing panel and safety-arming unit. The missile is a short-range, inertial and IR-guided weapon powered by a solid-propellant motor system and armed with an HE Semi-Armour-Piercing (SAP) warhead. It has a cylindrical body with a tapered nose section that has a rounded glass dome nose and four swept canard control fins. Just aft of mid-body are four in-line, rounded, leading-edge delta wings with ailerons for roll stabilisation. The Penguin missile is made up of three major assemblies. A nose section that contains the target seeker, digital autopilot, control system, altimeter and inertial navigation unit. A centre section that contains the 120 kg Bullpup Mk 19 SAP warhead with a charge of 50 kg High Explosive (HE), delayed impact fuze and safety and arming devices. A rear section that contains the solid-propellant sustainer motor. Before launch, the missile is fitted with a tandem booster motor, which is jettisoned in flight when the missile has reached cruising speed. At launch, the Penguin Mk 2 missile is 2.96 m long, has a body diameter of 0.28 m, a wing span of 1.4 m and weighs 385 kg. Guidance in the mid-course phase is by inertial navigation which guides the missile towards the computed target intercept point, either along a straight course, or following a right or left turn dog-leg trajectory. The navigation system also corrects for ship movement at the instant of launch, aim-offs up to plus or minus 50º and any cross-wind components that may be encountered during the mid-course flight. Level flight at an altitude of 80 m is maintained by inertial platform, being updated by a pulsed laser altimeter. The terminal phase is controlled by a mechanically scanning passive infra-red seeker. This has the capability of autonomously searching the area ahead of the missile, acquiring and classifying the target and changing from the search to the track mode.
The original Norwegian fire-control unit for the Penguin shipborne system was the MSI-80S. This combined twin Decca TM1226 radars, a GEC-Marconi low-light TV camera tracker, laser range-finder, IR scanner and Electronic Warfare (EW) sensors. A modified version of the MSI-80S was developed for US application known as the Penguin Missile Control System (MCS). This unit is believed to differ from the original in the replacement of some components, such as the radar, speed log and compass with equivalent American units and the substitution of a mini-FLIR (Forward-Looking Infra-Red) thermal imager for the TV camera. For Royal Swedish Navy service, Penguin is interfaced with a PEAB 9V200 Mk 2 fire-control system and the Greek Navy operates the system in conjunction with a Thompson-CSF (now Thales) Vega 2 Fire-Control System.
The missile, in its sealed container, is placed on a special ramped deck mounting and connected by an umbilical cord to the missile control cabinet, operation panel, bridge firing panel and safety-arming unit. The Penguin weapon system will normally be operated from the operator's panel, which may be integrated in the ship's fire-control system. At the operation panel the operator can select, start and check the missile, select single or salvo firing, straight or dog-leg trajectories and so on. Once launched, the missile is carried clear of the ship by the booster motor, accelerated to its cruise speed of M0.9 and flies towards the target area at an altitude of 80 m. When the missile approaches the target area, the seeker is activated and commences to search a strip of the sea surface ahead of the missile. When the seeker has detected an object that satisfies the decision criteria, it automatically changes to its track-while-scan mode for the terminal guidance. The seeker will then guide the missile to an impact point close to the target waterline. The all-digital signal processing simplifies discrimination between decoys and real targets, giving the seeker a high resistance against IR countermeasures both in search and track mode. The weapon operator can also select and attack a specific ship within a formation. The Penguin Mk 2 Surface-to-Surface Missile (SSM) is credited with a maximum effective range of 30 km.
The Penguin Mk 3 (AGM-119A) air-launched variant is basically a modified Mk 2. It has slightly smaller fixed wings, a larger sustainer motor and because it is launched from fixed-wing aircraft does not require a booster motor. The Mk 3 is 3.2 m long, has a body diameter of 0.28 m, a wingspan of 1.0 m and weighs 370 kg. This version has a larger 130 kg high explosive and semi-armour-piercing warhead. Once launched, the missile descends to its cruise altitude and operates in the same manner as the ship-launched version. The Penguin Mk 3 has an operational range of 55 km.
The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 (AGM-119B) is an updated Mk 2 for use from helicopters and, as such, requires a booster motor. The other major difference is the use of folding wings in order to provide the necessary clearance for helicopter carriage. The Mk 2 Mod 7 is 3.0 m long, has a body diameter of 0.28 m and weighs 385 kg. It has a folded wingspan of 0.56 m and an in-flight span of 1.4 m. Once launched, the missile operates in the same manner as the other variants and is credited with a maximum range of 35 km. The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 has also been adapted for use from ships and coastal batteries and, because of its folded-wing arrangement, smaller diameter launch tubes and multiple canister launchers can be used.

Operational status

Penguin Mk 1 missiles entered service on Royal Norwegian Navy and Turkish Navy fast attack craft in 1972. The improved ship- or coastal-launched Mk 2 version entered service in 1979. In 1990, it was reported that the ship-launched Penguin system was in operation with four navies on approximately 80 vessels. These include; Greece, Norway, Sweden and Turkey. Except for the Mk 1s used in the Turkish Navy and a few found on older Norwegian vessels, most of the original Mk 1 missiles have been brought up to Mk 2 standard. However, a test programme in 1994 indicated that some older missiles were unreliable and it is believed that the Mk 1s have been removed from service. An agreement in 1997 provided for a service life extension of the Penguin Mk 2 Mod 5 standard missiles in service with the Royal Norwegian Navy until 2015. Development of the Penguin Mk 3 (AGM-119A) began in 1979 and entered service with the RNOAF in 1989. The USAF test fired seven AGM-119A missiles in 1988 from F-16 aircraft. It is believed that 150 Penguin Mk 3 missiles were built.
The Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 (AGM-119B) helicopter version was to have been used by the USN's LAMPS III programme, but reports in 1994 indicated that the USN had only bought 101 of the planned 193 Penguin missiles and had cancelled its last two options under the 1990 contract. It is believed that a second order for 90 missiles was placed in 1996. Several AGM-119 B missiles were fired from US Navy SH-60B Seahawk helicopters against a ship target in August 1998. Greece ordered Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles for use from its S-70B helicopters in 1993 and added a second order in 1996. Australia selected Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles to arm its SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite helicopters in 1997, with an initial order for 44 missiles. These missiles started delivery in October 2001. Unconfirmed reports suggest that Singapore and Turkey have evaluated Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 and Mk 3 missiles for further export orders, and that an order for Turkey to purchase 40 missiles to arm their S-70B Seahawk helicopters was reconfirmed in 1998. However, in November 1999 it was reported that the Turkish order had been cancelled again. It is believed that Spain will order some Mk 2 Mod 7 missiles in 2000, for use by its SH-70L Seahawk helicopters on four F-100 frigates, which are due to enter service in 2003. Spain is also expected to order some Mk 3 missiles for use from its AV-8B Harrier II aircraft. In July 2000, Greece tested four Mk 2 Mod 3 missiles launched from a Laskos (Combattante III) FAC against ship targets, and one Mk 2 Mod 7 launched from a S-70B helicopter.


Specifications


Penguin Mk 2
Penguin Mk 2
Penguin Mk 3


SSM version
helicopter Mod 7
Aircraft ASM version



ASM version


Length
2.96 m
3.0 m
3.2 m

Body diameter
0.28 m
0.28 m
0.28 m

Launch weight
385 kg
385 kg
370 kg

Payload
Single warhead
Single warhead
Single warhead

Warhead
120 kg HE/SAP
120 kg HE/SAP
130 kg HE/SAP

Guidance
Inertial and passive IR
Inertial and passive IR
Inertial and passive IR

Propulsion
Solid propellant
Solid propellant
Solid propellant

Range
30 km
35 km
55 km

Accuracy
n/k
n/k
n/k




Contractor

Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace, Kongsberg (prime contractor).


The Royal Norwegian Navy fast patrol boat `Traust' with six Penguin Mk 2 launch units


F-16 Fighting Falcon of the Royal Norwegian Air Force fitted with AGM-119A Penguin Mk 3 anti-ship missiles (NFT)


AGM-119B Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 on display at 1991 Paris Air Show (Peter Humphris)


Line diagrams of Penguin Mk 3 (AGM-119A) (above) and Penguin Mk 2 Mod 7 (AGM-119B) (below)


UPDATED



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© 2002 Jane's Information Group Duncan Lennox

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От	Олег Радько
К	apple16 (13.11.2002 10:58:47)
Дата	13.11.2002 19:22:28

премного благодарен

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если сделаете миррор, не пройдите мимо ))

С уважением,
О. Радько

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От	apple16
К	apple16 (13.11.2002 10:58:47)
Дата	13.11.2002 11:06:03

RBS-15

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5 Images
OFFENSIVE WEAPONS, SWEDEN

Date Posted: 11 September 2002


Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 38

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RBS-15
Type

Short-range, ship-, air- and ground-launched, turbojet-powered, single-warhead, surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles.

Development

The RBS-15 was developed as a new generation of anti-ship missiles suitable for use by naval vessels, coastal defence batteries and aircraft. It was clearly a development of the RB-04 and RB-08 missiles. Work started in 1979, when a development contract for a ship-launched version was placed with Saab Missiles (now Saab Bofors Dynamics), then in 1982 a further contract was placed for an air-to-surface version designated RBS-15F. The development contract for the coastal defence missile version, designated RBS-15K for the Swedish Coastal Artillery Force and RBS-15CD for export, was signed in 1986. The ship-launched version, RBS-15M, and the coastal defence version, RBS-15K, started a mid-life upgrade programme from 1995 to convert the missiles to a Mk 2 standard, with increased range and improvements to the mid-course guidance including the ability to turn 90º before the terminal phase. These upgrades included improved missile and fire-control system computers and software, to increase flexibility of target designation and acquisition as well as improving ECCM. An air-launched RBS-15F Mk 2 upgrade is planned to follow after the ship and coastal defence missile programme.
In 1995, design studies of a Mk 3 version were reported, with a more stealthy missile, highly manoeuvrable at high subsonic speed, and with a range in excess of 200 km. Development of the Mk 3 version continues, with three versions planned, for ship launch, ground launch and air launch.
In July 2000 an improved Mk 3 version was being proposed, with a low probability of intercept radar seeker, probably as part of a dual mode IIR/active radar seeker. This improved missile would also have GPS, a datalink, and a range increased to 400 km.
In 1996, it was reported that the possible launch of RBS-15 missiles to attack land targets from submarines was being investigated. The RBS-15 is fitted to missile corvettes of the `Stockholm' and `Göteborg' class with eight missiles in four twin-launch canisters, and to an experimental patrol craft. It is planned that the 'Visby' class corvettes will be fitted with eight missiles, to be launched from hatches on each side of the hull. Coastal defence missiles are fitted to wheeled truck TELs, carrying four missiles. The air-launched RBS-15F is cleared for carriage on AJ 37 Viggen and JAS 39 Gripen aircraft, with each aircraft capable of carrying two missiles.

Description

The RBS-15K Mk 1 coastal defence missile and the ship-launched RBS-15M versions are identical. They have four cruciform wings with ailerons for combined pitch and roll at the rear end, plus four canard fins at the nose for yaw control. There is a distinctive large engine air inlet located on the underside of the body just forward of the wings. The missile is 4.35 m long, 0.50 m in diameter and has a maximum unfolded wing span of 1.40 m (folded span is 0.85 m). Launch weight is 790 kg with the two jettisonable solid propellant booster motors. The sustainer motor used is a Microturbo TR 60-3 turbojet, which provides a cruising speed of M0.8 and weighs only 53 kg. The RBS-15 has a maximum range of 100 km and a minimum range believed to be 10 km. The missile itself weighs 598 kg with a 200 kg HE blast/fragmentation warhead. Mid-course guidance is by preprogrammed autopilot with an FM-CW radio altimeter for height control. Terminal guidance is provided by a 9GR 4000 monopulse X-band frequency-agile radar. The search pattern set depends upon the target data available, and the final lock on mode can also be preset either as an active or active/home-on-jam operation. The airborne RBS-15F Mk 1 missile is similar to the ground- and ship-launched versions, but does not have the two solid propellant boost motors.
The RBS-15K and -15M Mk 2 missiles have a weight increased to 630 kg without the boost motors fitted and 800 kg with boost motors. The range is increased to 150 km, and this version has improved digital electronics, an improved seeker and carries more fuel. A Microturbo TR60-2 turbojet with a weight of 60 kg provides a thrust of 350 to 450 daN. The maximum cruise altitude is 12 km. The radar and infra-red signatures have been reduced. A new insensitive HE semi-armour piercing warhead is fitted.
The RBS-15 Mk 3 missile system is expected to use a missile engagement planning system to automate raid planning and to allow for several missiles to attack from different directions with a co-ordinated time of arrival at the target. The size and weight are reported to be the same as for the Mk 2 missile. The range will be increased to over 200 km, and a new radar altimeter will allow cruise heights down to 1 to 3 m above the sea in the terminal phase. The active radar seeker will be upgraded to a monopulse high Ku-band (35 GHz) system. The missile will be able to fly overland, and to re-attack ship targets missed on the first pass. In the longer term the Mk 3 missiles may be given a land attack capability, including terrain comparison and GPS mid-course navigation updates, a command datalink capable of relaying back battle damage assessments, and a tandem hard target penetration warhead. In addition, the missile might carry its own flare decoys and radar jammer transmitter to assist in overcoming improved ship defences. Upgraded seeker options being considered include low probability of intercept radar, synthetic aperture radar, and a dual mode active radar/imaging IR seeker. The Mk 3 ship- and ground-launched missiles will be housed in a new canister, which has a length of 4.42 m, a width of 1.2m, a height of 0.95 m and an empty weight of 800 kg.

Operational status

The ship, air and coastal variants are in production. The RBS-15M version entered service with the Royal Swedish Navy in 1985, and the coastal variant RBS-15K with the Royal Swedish Coastal Artillery forces as the RB-08A replacement. The air-launched RBS-15F version entered service with the Royal Swedish Air Force in 1989. The ship-launched and coastal defence RBS-15 Mk 2 missile entered service in 1998, and there were two Mk 2 test launches made in 1997. The air-launched Mk 2 version is planned to enter service after 2000. Tests for the Mk 3 version started in 1997, with trials of the new radar altimeter in South Africa and a ground launch test of the new canister. The Mk 3 version started flight trials in 2000, and is expected to enter service in 2005.
The RBS-15CD has been exported to Finland, where it has been fitted to `Helsinki' and `Rauma' class fast attack craft. Some missiles were also exported to the former Yugoslavia as it is reported that Serbia and Montenegro have about 25 missiles. In addition, Croatia exhibited RBS-15 missiles in June 1995, with what are believed to be RBS-15M missiles mounted on specially adapted Tatra 815 6 × 6 trucks carrying four missile canisters. Croatia also has one `Kralj' type 400 class corvette and one `Koncar' type 240 class fast attack craft with four RBS-15 missiles each. It is believed that Croatia had around 100 missiles in 1995. Mk 3 missiles were selected by the German Navy in June 2001, to equip future K-130 class corvettes in a joint venture between Saab Bofors Dynamics and BGT. Also in June 2001, Finland placed a contract to upgrade its existing RBS-15CD missiles to an improved Mk 2 standard (known as SF3), and to increase their life by 15 years.
In August 2001, Poland ordered Mk 3 missiles to fit onto upgraded Orkan class (type 660) corvettes.


Specifications

Length: 4.35 m
Body diameter: 0.50 m
Launch weight: 790 kg (Mk 1), 800 kg (Mk 2) (including boost motors), and 598 kg (Mk 1), 630 kg (Mk 2) for the air-launched versions
Payload: Single warhead; 200 kg
Warhead: HE blast/fragmentation, semi-armour-piercing
Guidance: Inertial and active radar
Propulsion: Turbojet
Range: 100 km (Mk 1), 150 km (Mk 2)
Accuracy: n/k


Contractors

Saab Bofors Dynamics AB, Karlskoga.

Microturbo, Toulouse, France (turbojet).

UPDATED


A Royal Swedish Navy Spica 2 `Norrköping' class missile boat with four aft-mounted RBS-15 surface-to-surface missile canisters


An early ground trials launch of the Swedish RBS-15 surface-to-surface missile


An RBS-15F air-to-surface missile shown on the inner starboard wing pylon of a JAS 39 Gripen aircraft


A line diagram of the RBS-15 missile


An air-launched RBS-15F missile displayed at Farnborough in 1996 (Duncan Lennox)
(1999)



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© 2002 Jane's Information Group Duncan Lennox

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От	apple16
К	apple16 (13.11.2002 11:06:03)
Дата	13.11.2002 11:08:54

Пояснения

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1. Otomat я внизу засунул в ответ на постинг
2. Подписка не флотская а авиационно-китайская
поэтому флотский аспект ракет кое-где упущен
- нет доступа к статьям
3. Я еще в одном месте посмотрю
- Jane's Naval Weapon Systems
4. Jane's не панадол :)

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От	apple16
К	apple16 (13.11.2002 11:08:54)
Дата	13.11.2002 11:36:03

Теперь JNWS PENGUIN (RB 12)/NSM

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3 Images
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, NORWAY
Date Posted: 28 January 2002
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 02
PENGUIN (RB 12)/NSM
Type
Short-range/medium-range anti-ship missile.
Development
For much of its existence the Norwegian Navy has been largely a reserve force but, in the late 1950s, there was a move to
convert it into an active one. It was recognised that this would be expensive and by the time the decision was taken in 1960 to
adopt the standing fleet concept it had also been decided to rely upon small, fast and relatively cheap vessels with reliance upon
an anti-ship missile.
Development of the Penguin anti-ship missile began in 1961 with a request by the Royal Norwegian Navy to the Norwegian
Defence Research Institute for a feasibility study into a cheap, easy-to-operate system which could be fitted to warships under
100 t. The study began in 1962 and was completed in 1966 and development handed over to Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk A/S
(now Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace or KDA) which received funds from both the United States and West Germany. After
an astonishingly short development phase the Penguin Mark 1 missile entered service in 1970; initially in the new `Snögg' class
fast attack craft and later retrofitted into the `Oslo' class frigates and `Storm' class fast attack craft. It was sold to Turkey in
1971 where it was used to upgrade the `Kartal' class fast attack craft. This version of the missile remained in production until
1978 and was replaced in 1980 by the Mark 1 Mod 7. The break in the numerical sequence reflects proposed modifications
which were not implemented, although production versions usually have odd numbers.
In 1974, both the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and Kongsberg began an improvement programme under a
contract placed by both the Norwegian and Swedish defence ministries. This improved the seeker and processor as well as
introducing a new motor to increase range. Production of the new version, Penguin Mark 2 Mod 3, began in 1978 and it was
installed in the new Norwegian `Hauk' class fast attack craft. Sweden purchased the system, as Rb 12, and fitted it into the new
`Hugin' class fast attack craft the first ship of which was commissioned in July 1978. Greece also purchased the missile for
`La Combattante III' class fast attack craft built in Greek yards. The first of these, Simeoforos Kavaloudis, was commissioned
in July 1980.
The Mark 2 Mod 3 was evaluated by the US Navy in patrol boats, landing craft and hovercraft between 1977 and 1983, but
was not purchased. However, as a result of this evaluation, talks with the US Navy started in 1983 about a helicopter-launched
version of the missile. The initial project was based upon the Mark 2 Mod 3 but as the Mark 3 programme progressed and
successful firings were made, this version became the basis for the new helicopter-launched version which was designated
Mark 2 Mod 7. This has been in production since 1985 and has been purchased by the US Navy as AGM-119B and has also
been selected by the Australian, Greek, Spanish and Turkish Navies as Mark 2 Mod 7.
In 1980, development of an air-launched version of the Penguin, Mark 3 Mod 1, began for the Royal Norwegian Air Force
(RNoAF). This featured a new-generation seeker with enhanced capability in the fields of decoy and target recognition. It also
featured a new canard actuation system based upon a British Aerospace pneumatic/hydraulic design. It has a single-stage motor
with substantially longer burn time than earlier versions and this provides a range in excess of 30 n miles (55 km).
The new missile (also designated AGM-119A) entered service in 1989 with the RNoAF which uses it in F-16 Fighting
Falcon high-performance combat aircraft and production was completed in 1991. The Mark 3 seeker was retrofitted into
sea-launched Mark 2 missiles from 1986 and this version, Mark 2 Mod 5, is used by both the Norwegian and Swedish navies.
The helicopter-launched Mark 2 Mod 7 is also now fitted with the Mark 3 seeker and has been purchased by the US and
Spanish Navies for use from SH-60B, by the Greek and Turkish Navies for the S-70B and by the Royal Australian Navy for the
SH-2G. The Mark 2 Mod 7N is also offered for ship-launched applications. Penguin has also been offered as a coast defence
missile but this version has not entered service.
Upgrades of the Penguin system continue to be planned probably in the 2005-2010 time frame incorporating technology
developed for the NSM (Nytt Sjomalsmissil). Potential improvements include new seeker, guidance system processors, inertial
guidance and the introduction of electrical actuation with the decision depending upon progress in developing the new missile.
In the late 1980s, the Norwegian Navy began to consider a successor to Penguin as both a ship-launched and air-launched
weapon as well as for coast defence roles. A staff requirement SMP 6026 designated the Penguin successor as Nytt
Sjomalsmissil (New Sea Target Missile) or NSM and defined the requirement as retaining the electro-optic seeker solution but
with greater range (officially intermediate range but this was defined as a minimum of 100 km or 54 n miles) and incorporating
stealth technology. Kongsberg (at that time named Norsk Forsvarsteknologi or NFT but renamed Kongsberg Aerospace in
1995) had been conducting internal studies into a Penguin replacement since 1989 and considered incorporating some of the
technology of the older missile and in September 1991 the company received a definition contract for the missile. Given the
expense of developing a new missile and the sales limitations created by Norway's defence export regulations, Kongsberg
sought a partner to develop NSM. By January 1997, agreement between the company and Matra BAe Dynamics seemed close
and news reports as late as June actually suggested agreement had been reached. However, Kongsberg eventually selected
Aerospatiale Missiles (now Aerospatiale-Matra Missiles) as its partner signing a production/marketing agreement on 20 August
1997, the French company being largely responsible for the low observable and propulsion elements of the design as well as
joint marketing. On 3 May 2000 KDA, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace (Dasa) and TDW signed a co-operation agreement to
develop the NSM warhead and to market the weapon in Germany.
On 23 December 1996, a year later than expected, Kongsberg received a NKr 1.2 billion (US$158 million) contract to
develop NSM which has been selected for the new frigate to be built to staff requirement SMP 6088 as well as for the new
`Skjold' class FACs and it will replace Penguin in the updated 'Hauk' class FACs. Ballistic trials began in October 2000 and by
the autumn of 2001 development of the imaging infra-red seeker was almost complete and a contract for a warhead had been
placed. The engine and steering systems were to be tested early in 2002 in live firing trials scheduled for completion in 2003
ending with technical validation trials in 2004 by which time the missile is scheduled to enter service. In mid-2000, it was
revealed that Kongsberg and Aerospatiale-Matra had begun feasibility studies into an extended range 135 n miles (250 km)
version of the missile which would also be capable of land-attack roles.
Description
The Penguin system consists of the missile, a launching system and a control cabinet which interfaces with an existing
fire-control system. It may be installed in ships as small as 150 t. The system is compatible with most fire-control systems with
target detection, acquisition, tracking and designation achieved either through the ship's radar or by optical/electro-optical
means. A navigation radar may be used for this purpose.
Externally, Penguin is a uniform cylinder with a rounded nose and a slight taper at the tail end. The missile has a canard
aerodynamic surface arrangement with the surfaces arranged in an `X' shape cruciform configuration. The small, sweptback,
movable fins are at the nose while the larger sweptback wings are in the middle of the fuselage. In Mark 2 Mod 7 the wings
fold.
Internally, the missile is divided into guidance, warhead and motor sections. The guidance section features a mechanically
scanned infrared seeker with Motorola 68000-family processor, a BAE Systems' hot gas-operated actuation mechanism, a
three-gyro gimballed inertial platform with accelerometers, an autopilot, a radio altimeter and thermal batteries. The warhead is
a 125 kg semi-armour-piercing unit based upon that used in the Bullpup Mk 19 air-to-surface missile with 43 kg of explosive
and fitted with a delayed impact fuze. The warhead is now manufactured by the Australian company ADI.
The motor section is a two-stage unit with Nammo Raufoss A/S Ballistite extruded double-base propellant in a two-chamber
steel case, with the booster taking the missile out of its launch container and to the high subsonic speed which is maintained by
the sustainer.
The Mk 2 Mod 3 version features an improved IR seeker with incorporated integral cooling while microprocessors are
included to improve resistance to countermeasures as well as enhancing performance. The Mark 2 seekers in Norwegian and
Swedish missiles have been upgraded to Mod 5 standard. The Mod 7 seeker is a digital standard Mod 3. The inertial navigation
unit was modified to incorporate angled trajectories and the actuation system was also redesigned. The Mod 6 life extension
programme incorporates the Nammo Raufoss steel-cased, poured composite propellant, rocket motor used in the Mod 7. The
missile may be launched at a launch altitude to the target of ±180º.
The missile is mounted in a sealed launcher-container which weighs a total of 590 kg with the Mk 1 missile or 720 kg with
the Mk 2 missile. The launcher is of aluminium/PVC foam sandwich construction and has its own umbilical connections. The
box has a frangible composite cover at the rear while at the front there is an upward-hinging door which is raised to launch the
missile. From 2000, Kongsberg has offered a new launcher system for Mark 2 Mod 7N using a box-shaped launcher-container
which may be distributed around the ship with between one and four in each ship.
The shipboard control system consists of a control cabinet based upon a Kongsberg SM-3 computer, an operations panel
which is usually integrated into the fire-control system with console and bridge firing panel. Normally warships carry six
Penguins, the exceptions being the `Snögg' class (four) and the `Kartal' class (two to four). For Greek ships, a radar-based
fire-control system PFCS-2 was developed and this has been upgraded as Pils 2.6 (see MSI-80S/PFCS/Pils 2.6 entry).
When the target is acquired, the fire-control computer calculates the bearing to the predicted point of impact which is then
fed through the missile control system into the missile's inertial navigation system. In the Mark 2 the operator can select from a
set of shapes and sizes of the seeker field and programme the seeker to ignore some in order to target specific ships. The
launcher door is opened and the missile is launched. Further missiles may be fired at 5 s intervals.
The booster takes the missile clear of the ship and up to its cruising speed. The sustainer then maintains this speed as the
missile follows a preprogrammed course in the target's general direction, the radio altimeter keeping it at a height of 80 m. The
missile may fly a direct course to the target or make an indirect approach with one change of course and altitude in flight.
In the search mode, the seeker has two scanning options of varying width. Once the seeker acquires the target, it switches to
tracking mode for the terminal phase and guides the missile in such a way as to hit the target at a point close to the waterline.
NSM will feature a shaped body including composite and radar absorbing materials to reduce the radar signature. It will
have an air intake more than halfway down the body and under the fuselage, foldable wings and control fins in an X
configuration for enhanced manoeuvrability. The missile features disposable two 33 kg solid propellant rocket boosters and a
Microturbo TRI 40 turbojet which can operate with JP8 or JP10 fuel and has a thrust of 250-340 daN with specific fuel
consumption of <1.2 kg/daN/h. Guidance will be a mixture of inertial navigation incorporating altimeter for terrain correlation
and digitised mapping data. Global Positioning System (GPS) data may be used but no firm decision appears to have been
taken by the beginning of 1998. The missile includes a new imaging infra-red seeker in a stabilised nose compartment capable
of detecting objects and recognising targets in confined waters. It will have a long detection range, a wide field of view and it
will be able both to classify the target and select the optimum aiming point. The payload is a 120 kg semi-armour-piercing
warhead with intelligent programmable fuze, both developed by DASA/TDW (TDW is now part of EADS). The mission
planning/launching system will provide for salvo launches and will also be able to select a number of way points for indirect
approach or to exploit terrain in the fly-out phase. The terminal phase will include manoeuvres in two dimensions and
sea-skimming capability. The weapon will be stored upside down in a 710 kg launcher-container 4 m long, 81 cm high and 80
cm wide.
Operational status
KDA is continuing to develop NSM with a view to an in-service date of 2004.
The company states that it has produced 76 ship-launched Penguin systems, while unofficial estimates suggest that total
production of the ship-launched missile is between 850 and 900. Penguin remains in production and the ship-launched system
is in service with four navies (see table). The table also includes proposed NSM platforms.
Country Class Type Launchers/ Fire- Search
Missiles Control Radar
Penguin Mk System
Greece 1 `Combattante III' 1 FAC 6/6 Mk 2/3 Vega Racal Decca 1226
Norway 2 `Oslo' FF 6/6 Mk 2/6 2 MSI-3100 TM 1226
'Fritjof Nansen' FF NSM n/k n/k
`Hauk' FAC 6/6 Mk 2/6 MSI-80S TM 1226
'Skjold' FAC 8/8 NSM SENIT n/k
2000
Sweden `Hugin' FAC 6/6 Mk 2/6 9LV200 Skanter 009
Turkey `Kartal' FAC 4/4 Mk 1/7 - Racal Decca 1226
Notes: 1 Of the Greek `Combattante III' class P20-23 have Exocet and P24-29 have Penguin.
2 The alternative load for the Norwegian `Oslo' class is 4/4 Mk 2. The 'Hauk' class is scheduled to replace
Penguin with NSM circa 2004/2005.
Specifications
(Penguin)
Length: 3.02 m
Diameter: 28 cm
Span: 1.42 m
Launch weight: 330 kg (Mk 1); 340 kg (Mk 2); 385 kg (Mk 2/7)
Speed: M0.7 (Mk 1) or M0.8 (Mk 2)
Range: 1.5-10 n miles (2.5-18.5 km) (Mk 1); 1.5-14 n miles (2.5-27 km) (Mk 2); 17 n miles (32 km) (Mk 2/7)
Guidance: Inertial and passive IR
(NSM)
Length: 3.95 m
Diameter: 69 cm
Span: 1.4 m
Launch weight: 412 kg (347 kg without boosters)
Speed: High subsonic
Range: 65 n miles (120 km)
Guidance: Inertial and passive IR
Contractor
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS.
UPDATED

A Penguin missile in its launch container

A Penguin missile

The launch of a Penguin missile
© 2002 Jane's Information Group E R Hooton

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JNWS OTOMAT/TESEO MARK 1/2/3; NGASM/MILAS

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7 Images
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, INTERNATIONAL
Date Posted: 18 July 2001
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 35
OTOMAT/TESEO MARK 1/2/3; NGASM/MILAS
Type
Medium- to long-range anti-ship missiles/anti-submarine weapon.
Development
Following studies which began in 1967, the Otomat missile was developed as a private venture by OTO Melara (now Alenia
Marconi Systems-AMS) and Engins Matra (now Matra BAe Dynamics) from 1969. Firing trials began in 1970, the first complete
system test was carried out on 28 February 1972 (when a direct hit was scored) and development was completed in May 1973. The
first production missile, with provision for mid-course guidance updating as the TESEO system, was accepted in January 1976 by
the Italian Navy while the first export order was made by Venezuela, entering service when the FAC ARV Federación was
commissioned in March 1975.
Development of an extended-range version, Mark 2, began in May 1973 with the first missile launched in January 1974 and
development completed in 1976. From this the French developed a lightweight version, Otomat Compact, with a new
launcher-container. Coast defence versions have also been produced.
During the late 1980s the partners considered developing a supersonic Otomat as Otomach which would have been capable of
Mach 1.8. However, they concluded that even increases in velocity of 200 or 300 per cent would still leave the missiles vulnerable
to defensive systems. The keys to survival, they concluded, were `stealth' and `intelligence' and during the Paris Air Show of 1993 it
was revealed they were considering a combination of these features as a successor to Otomat. As early as 1991, a private venture
study was conducted with a view to producing a `Stealth' upgrade of the missile but the subsequent evolution remains obscure, and
the partners appeared to examine separate approaches while remaining in consultation. By October 1992, the French Defence
Ministry opted not to consider an improved Otomat but the Italian Defence Ministry funded a US$19 million study into future
anti-ship missile requirements based upon a 'stealthy' Otomat which led to the Otomat/TESEO Mark 3. A model of this missile was
shown at Euronaval in October 1994 and US Navy interest led to an MoU being signed in November 1995 for a joint analysis of
options for a New Generation Anti-Surface Missile (NGASM). It was anticipated the weapon would enter service circa 2003-2005
but during the late 1990s the US Navy became more interested in land-attack weapons and the project dissolved in 1999, but not
before the Italian Defence Ministry awarded AMS a contract to develop a dual seeker for the new weapon. It is anticipated full scale
development of the NGASM will begin about 2005 for completion about 2012.
In the late 1990s AMS began considering improvements to the Otomat Mark 2 missile to improve sales and to provide customers
with product continuity until NGASM is introduced. Development of the Block III weapon (Blocks I and II were respectively the
original French and Italian versions) incorporating insensitive munition warhead and booster began and Malaysia became the first
customer, the missiles being installed in the former Iraqi 'Assad' class corvettes which entered service from July 1997. At Euronaval
2000, plans to develop a Block IV version were announced as both new-build and upgrade which will ensure the first-line service of
the missile until circa 2025. It is anticipated that full-scale development of Block IV will begin in 2001 for existing ships of the
Italian Navy and the `Horizon' class. In 2000, AMS won a three-year contract to upgrade Egypt's Otomat Mark 1 missiles to Mark 2
Block IV standard with lightweight launchers.
The Otomat is also the basis of the Milas anti-submarine torpedo delivery system which has been offered as a combined weapon
with the anti-ship missile. Milas (Missile de Lutte Anti-Sous-marine) evolved from a French Navy requirement in the early 1980s to
replace the Malafon (qv) system in the face of increased threats from quiet submarines in waters with poor acoustic conditions. The
Italian Navy, at around the same time, also sought a rapid reaction, long-range torpedo delivery system and originally planned to
acquire Super Ikara. By 1982 the Otomat partnership was examining such a weapon system using the missile as the basis but
replacing the warhead and guidance system with a homing torpedo. Late in 1985 the French DGA proposed to the Italian Defence
Ministry that they should both develop such a weapon and in mid 1986 an agreement was signed between the two governments and
in 1991 GIE Milas was created to develop and to produce the system.
Milas was originally scheduled to carry domestically produced torpedoes, the DCN Murène for French versions and the
Whitehead A290 for Italian ones. The decision to combine the two torpedo programmes to produce the MU90 Impact (qv) delayed
Milas development, with in-service dates steadily slipping from 1990 to 1993 then 1995 and finally 1996. The first flight trials were
held in August 1989, a ballistic firing with a dummy Impact was conducted in May 1993 and by the end of 1993 some 10
launchings had been carried out. In April 1994 the first complete Milas was tested in the destroyer Carabiniere and successfully
delivered a torpedo into the water. Development was completed in September 1999 but in April 1998 the French government
decided to abandon the programme as part of a cost-cutting measure. The Italian government continued to support the Milas
programme and in the autumn of 2000 decided to equip the 'De La Penne' class destroyers.
Description
The Otomat system consists of the missile, launcher-containers with power supply, a control console, a computer and optional
mid-course guidance system.
The Otomat missile is of broad cylindrical shape with rounded nose and slightly tapered tail. There are four air inlets
approximately half-way along the body and on top of these are short, swept wings each with an updating receiver antenna at the tip.
In Otomat Mark 1 these wings are fixed but in Otomat Mark 2 they are folded. Cropped, delta-shaped fins are behind the wings and
in-line with them. Two 75 kg SNPE solid propellant boosters, each developing 3,500 kg of thrust, are installed laterally.
Internally the missile is divided into the seeker compartment, the warhead and instruments compartment, the fuel tank with
JP5-standard kerosene, a small oil tank, actuators, and the Turbomeca TR 281 Arbizon III turbojet which develops 400 kg of thrust.
The 210 kg semi-armour-piercing warhead, which can penetrate 8 cm of nickel-chromium armour, contains 65 kg of explosive and
includes both impact and proximity fuzes. Behind it are the altimeter, Thomson-TRT AHV8 radio and gyroscope, a junction box,
autopilot and flight computer with converter. Also within the warhead instruments compartment are two altimeter antennas.
In the Mark 2 version, the fuel tank is extended forward until it is almost in-line with the air inlets. The computer and autopilot
have been reduced in size by exploiting later electronic developments and mean they take up less space which they now share with
the junction box.
The French Mark 1 uses the Thomson-CSF Col Vert two-axis active radar seeker with dive attack terminal phase. The Italian
Mark 1 uses the SMA ST-2 single-axis, pseudo-monopulse seeker to carry out sea-skimming attacks only. The Mark 2 versions use
mid-course correction systems to achieve longer ranges. The Italian version is designated TESEO while the French system was
originally designated DOT (Designation d'Objectif Transhorizon) but was later renamed ERATO (Extended Range Automatic
Targeting of Otomat).
The ERATO system is either integrated with the ship's combat system or, through a datalink, to helicopters for target designation
and mid-course guidance. This system consists of a dedicated CLIO console, a technical cabinet with computers, antennas,
connection boxes and stands for between four and eight launcher containers.
The TESEO weapon control system also has dedicated consoles. In major warships this is the SMA MM/OJ-701 weighing 230 kg
and is 0.8 × 1.2 × 1.8 m. It features a 12 in (30.5 cm) PPI screen and an A-scope. The remaining equipment, consisting of computer
and power supply box weighs 340 kg. In smaller warships, such as fast attack craft, the more compact MM/OJ-702 console is used.
This features a 16 in (40.6 cm) display. The remaining equipment in the TESEO shipborne fit includes a computer, a power supply
box and a launcher power supply unit. Their combined weight comes to 460 kg. The power requirement for OJ-701 is 4 kW.
For mid-course guidance the TESEO system uses the Marconi Italiana PRT 400 Series mid-course guidance system; the PRT 401
or PRT 403 command system (official designation TG1) and the PRT 402 transceiver (TG2). The command systems consist of a
high-gain antenna (directional in the PRT 401 and rotating in the PRT 403), command and tracking units together with a high-power
microwave transmitter which may be interfaced with the ship's tactical data handling system or command/weapon control system.
The PRT 402 consists of receiver and transmitter antennas, a transceiver with RF sections and signal processor facilities.
Other versions of the PRT 400 extend the operational capability of the Otomat series. The PRT 404 is a lightweight shipborne
guidance system suitable for fast attack craft, while the PRT 405 (or TG-2 in Italian service) is a helicopter-borne tracking and
datalink system. The PRT 404 consists of a solid-state transceiver with four-channel position data plot extractor and
klystron-powered transmitter, and a two-axis stabilised high-gain antenna. This system is usually interfaced with the ship
fire-control system.
The PRT 405, which weighs only 14 kg, features a transceiver, omnidirectional antenna and a display keyboard.
All versions of the Otomat missile are housed in a launcher-container. The container weighs 1.61 tonnes and is inclined at an
angle of 15º with the missile suspended from a ceiling launch rail. The containers may be deployed individually around the ship or
in pairs or in four-round launcher assemblies weighing 6.94 tonnes.
The target may be acquired by the ship's radar, by the radars of friendly ships or by helicopter radars. Data on the target's location
are transmitted to the missile's autopilot and the turbojet is started. Once it has reached full power the boosters are ignited and the
missile is launched. The missile can turn through an angle of ±200º so the warship does not have to be facing the target during the
launch phase.
Once the missile has been launched it climbs to 150 m (80 m in Otomat Mark 1) assisted by the boosters which burn for 4
seconds until it reaches cruising speed some 2.15 nmi (4 km) from the launch point; here the boosters are jettisoned. It then drops to
a cruising height of 15 to 20 m which is suitable for ensuring a good communications link with the mother ship although still
difficult for the target to observe. It continues towards the target with mid-course guidance correction until the radar seeker, which is
azimuth only, is activated at a point 4 nmi (7 km) from the target's estimated location and scans a 40º sector, acquiring the target at a
range of about 6.5 nmi (12 km) the missile descending to some 10 m when lock-on is secured at a range of some 2.5 nmi (5 km).
For the terminal phase the Otomat drops to 2 m. With the French seeker the missile automatically climbs to 175 m when it is some
2.5 nmi (5 km) from the target and when it is a nautical mile (1.6 km) away it begins its terminal phase with a 7º dive.
With the ERATO system the launching sequence is similar but for engaging targets at longer ranges (for example, more than 35
nmi or 65 km) the missile reaches a cruise altitude of 900 m. If a sea-skimming approach is required the missile drops to 15 m after
receiving mid-course guidance from an Aerospatiale SA 365F Dauphin helicopter with Agrion 15 I/J-band radar.
The terminal phase is similar to the Mark 1 but the French seeker operates in azimuth and elevation and a dive attack capability is
added. In this case, the missile approaches to within 4 nmi (7 km) of the target before conducting a pop-up manoeuvre to about
2,000 m to conduct a dive attack at an angle of 7º. The ERATO system is able to launch four missiles in a salvo and to control up to
six (later eight) in flight simultaneously.
In the TESEO system it is reported that the missile is fired not at the target but towards the helicopter. This is an Agusta-Bell AB
212ASW with SMA MM/APS-705 I-band radar and PRT-405 tracking and datalink system. It is reported that only when the missile
passes under the helicopter does the latter transmit target location data.
The Otomat system is capable of engaging two separate targets simultaneously in sea states up to force 7.
The Mark 2 Block III involves the addition of a strap-down inertial measurement unit and the installation of insensitive munition
warhead and booster propellant. The Block IV will incorporate these measures and will also involve a new radar signal processor to
improve seeker performance as well as the repackaging of the avionics which creates the potential for extra fuel space, although
there are no immediate plans to enlarge the fuel tank. A Global Positioning System (GPS) capability for more accurate navigation
will be added. A major improvement in the Block IV will be in the launch-control system where the dedicated MM/OJ-701 and
MM/OJ-702 control consoles will be replaced either with a simple panel or an interface within a multi-function control console,
using a PowerPC processor and C++ language software capable of launching four missiles simultaneously.
The Block IV will ensure better littoral warfare capability including improved target identification, mission planning,
co-ordination and re-attack as well as being capable of land-attack.
Many of these features will be incorporated in NGASM which is also likely to involve a substantial redesign of the airframe to
extend range and to reduce the radar and infra-red cross-sections. Assuming the 1994 model continues to be the basis for the
external design, the most substantial area of change will be forward of the air inlets with the airframe apparently slimmer than the
rear, shaped to reduce the radar cross section and stepped to allow for the dual seeker. The air inlets will be shaped and wider chord
wings added. The missile body will probably have the same diameter as before but it will be longer to accept a larger fuel tank. The
fins at the rear of the missile have been completely redesigned and are much larger than before. The missile will have redesigned
boosters.
NGASM will be a dual-role (anti-ship/land attack) weapon with J-band (12-18 GHz) radar and imaging infra-red electro-optic
seeker. Earlier AMS publicity material suggested that Otomat/TESEO Mark 3 would have a slightly smaller warhead (205 kg from
210 kg) to increase fuel capacity and would be capable of engaging multiple targets with each missile assigned a specific target
and/or target selection from four preselected tracks. Single firing mode at 20 second intervals or three-missile salvo launches at 3
second intervals will also be possible. The missile will be capable of three waypoints along its course and the terminal phase options
include sea-skimming or pop-up and dive.
Milas is a long-range torpedo delivery system capable of carrying a lightweight weapon to the Mediterranean First or even
Second Convergence Zones. Essentially it consists of an Otomat Mark 2 missile in which the seeker and warhead compartments are
replaced by a lightweight torpedo with a four-fin disposable fairing linking the weapon with the rear of the missile. The weapon of
choice is the Eurotorp MU90 Impact but Milas will also be compatible with the Eurotorp/Whitehead A244/S Mod 1 (qv) and the
Raytheon Mark 46 (qv).
In stand-alone systems the missile will be housed in a launcher-container weighing 1.8 tonnes loaded. It will be supported by a
fire-control system with a dedicated control console, processor and interface linked to the ship's fire-control system. The ASW team
in the CIC will also be capable of operating the Milas.
The ship sonar system will detect, classify and locate the target and transmit range and depth data to the missile's inertial
navigation unit. Corrections may be passed after launch from the ship or from aircraft by datalink which permits several mid-course
updates. Launching will follow the usual sequence and the boosters will carry the missile to its cruising altitude of 300 m where the
boosters will be ejected and the turbojet will carry the missile into the cruise phase.
Upon arrival at the target area the turbojet will be shut down and the torpedo will separate from the airframe, its descent slowed
by parachute. Upon entering the water the parachute will be ejected and the weapon sensor will be activated to begin a search
pattern. The manufacturers claim the elapsed time between the missile being launched at a target 19 n miles (35 km) away and the
torpedo entering the water is 3 minutes.
The Otomat/Milas system would consist of a workstation including a specialised computer to interface with the ship combat
system, computer/missile interfaces, a dual-purpose launcher-container and a datalink. The workstation will be able to operate in
surface-to-surface or surface-to-underwater mode, to select the appropriate launcher unit and to make the appropriate preflight
preparations. Each cluster of up to four launcher containers would have a missile control unit and a torpedo control unit, the latter
linked to the torpedo setting panel. The launcher-containers will be 6.06 m long, 1.38 m wide and 0.88 m high and will weigh 1.65
tonnes (Otomat) or 1.91 tonnes (Milas) when loaded.
The manufacturers state that the control system console would weigh 250 kg, the datalink system 130 kg and the other elements
for a four-ramp cluster about 175 kg. The system would usually use 115 V, 60 Hz three phase electricity supply but the missile
control unit would also use 440 V, 60 Hz three phase and its maximum power requirement would be 20 kVA over 2 seconds.
Operational status
Some 90 systems and 1,080 rounds have been produced and the system was selected by 11 navies. In addition to naval versions,
Egypt and Saudi Arabia have coastal versions. Production of new built Otomat Mark 2 ceased in 1991, but Block III is available as
both new-build and retrofit. Full-scale development of Block IV is anticipated to begin about 2002 and that of NGASM will begin
about 2005.
Country Class Type Otomat Mark Launchers/ Search
Missiles radar
Bangladesh Daewoo type FF 2 4/4 N/k
Egypt* `Ramadan' FAC 1/2 4/4 Marconi S820
`October' FAC 1/2 2/2 Marconi S810
Iraq 1 `Assad' FC 2 6/6 RAN 12
Italy 2 `Giuseppe Garibaldi' CV 2 4/4 SPS-702
Vittorio Veneto CG 2 4/4 SPS-702
`Animoso' DD 2 2/4 or 4/8 SPS-702
`Audace' DD 2 4/8 SPQ-2D
`Maestrale' FF 2 4/4 SPS-702
`Lupo' FF 2 8/8 SPQ-2F/
RAN 11
'Artigliere' FF 2 4/8 RAN 12
`Minerva' FC 2 4/4 SPS-774
`Sparviero' FAC 2 2/2 SPQ-701
OPV PB n/k 2/4 SPS-703
Kenya `Nyayo' FAC 2 2/4 AWS-4
Libya `La Combattante II' FAC 2 4/4 Triton
Malaysia 'Assad' FC 2 3/6 RAN 12
Nigeria `MEKO Type 360' FF 1 8/8 AWS-5
Peru Almirante Grau CG 2 4/8 DA 08
`Lupo' FF 2 8/8 RAN 11
Saudi Arabia 3 `Type F2000S' FF 2 2/8 Sea Tiger
Venezuela 4 `Lupo' FF 2 8/8 RAN 10
`Constitución' FAC 2 2/2 SPQ-2D
Notes: 1 Of the 'Assad' class corvettes ordered by Iraq, two remain under nominal Iraqi control at La Spezia, Italy and can
be fitted with Otomat although the launchers are not installed.
2 In the Italian `Minerva' class the corvettes are fitted for Otomat but the missiles are not normally carried. The 'Artigliere'
class were 'Lupo' class frigates built for Iraq and later taken over by the Italian Navy.
3 Only Saudi Arabia is believed to operate with the ERATO system. Other customers are believed to use TESEO.
4 In the Venezuela FACs only PC12, PC14 and PC16 are equipped with Otomat.
*Egyptian missiles are being converted from Mk 1 to Mk 2 versions.
Specifications
Otomat Mk 1 Otomat Mk 2 Milas
Length 4.46 m 4.46 m 6 m
Diameter 40/46 cm 40/46 cm 46 cm
Wing span 1.35 m 1.35 m 1.35 m
Weight 1 762 kg 762 kg 800 kg
770 kg 770 kg n/k
Max speed M0.9 M0.9 M0.9
Range 32 nm (60 km) 86 nm (160 km) 2.6-29.6 nm (5-55 km)
Note: 1 Weight of anti-ship missiles without and with boosters.
Contractors
Alenia Marconi Systems.
Matra Défense.
GIE Milas (Milas).
UPDATED

The SMA MM/OJ-701 consoles used in frigate-size vessels and above

The SMA MM/OJ-702 consoles are used in fast attack craft and similar size vessels

An Otomat Mark 2 emerges from its launcher

A model of TESEO 3 shown at Euronaval in October 1994 (E R Hooton)

An Otomat Mark 2 in the factory

A mockup of the Milas system with wings folded

A Milas mockup is tested for clearance from an Otomat launcher. In front is a dummy lightweight torpedo
© 2001 Jane's Information Group E R Hooton

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JNWS RBS 15M

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5 Images
SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, SWEDEN
Date Posted: 28 January 2002
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 02
RBS 15M
Type
Medium-range anti-ship missile.
Development
Development of the RBS 15 began in the early 1970s to replace the Rb 08, a missile developed by Nord Aviation (later
Aerospatiale) from its CT-20 target drone (see Exocet). Domestic and foreign solutions were considered by the Swedish
Defence Matériel Administration (FMV) which considered the domestic RBS 15, an evolutionary development of the
air-launched Rb 04, as well as the US Harpoon (qv) during the late 1970s.
In July 1979, the FMV selected the RBS 15 and placed a SEK600 million development contract with Saab Bofors Missile
Corporation (SBMC) for whom Saab acted as prime contractor. The initial contract was for a ship-launched weapon but there
were options for air-launched and coast defence versions. In 1982, the FMV took up its option on the air-launched version
(RBS 15F).
The following year, Saab Missiles (now Saab Dynamics) was founded and this company subsequently assumed
responsibility for negotiating all contracts for the RBS 15, including a coast defence version (RBS 15K).
Development of the system was extremely rapid. Firing trials began in 1982 on board the `Norrköping' class fast attack craft
Piteå. Development was completed two years later and the RBS 15M became operational in 1985. In 1983, the ship-launched
version was ordered by Finland which, like Sweden, has also ordered the coast defence version.
The first naval production version was RBS 15M-1, which was succeeded first by the RBS 15M-2 (1985-1991) then the
RBS 15M-3 (and the coastal defence K version) between 1990 and 1995. Export versions were RBS 15B for Yugoslavia and
RBS 15SF-1 for Finland (SF-2 is the Finnish equivalent of RBS 15K). All of these were RBS 15 Mark 1 standard missiles but,
during the 1980s, development of an improved version, RBS Mark 2 or Mark II, had begun. On 21 April 1994, a SKr 500
million (US$865 million) development contract for Mark 2 was awarded to Saab and simultaneously it was announced that all
the Swedish Mark 1 missiles would be upgraded to Mark 2/Mark II standards. Development of Mark 2 was completed in
October 1997.
Simultaneously, a parallel programme was launched for a new-generation RBS 15 which Saab initially conducted as a
private venture. Development of this weapon system, RBS 15 Mark 3, is proceeding with live firings scheduled around the
New Year of 1997/1998 and verification of the weapon by 1999. Trials of the new seeker were conducted from August 1997 in
South Africa.
It will be available only as a new-build weapon although it is possible that elements of the new technology may be retrofitted
into older weapons. Submarine-launched land-attack versions were being considered by the Swedish Navy during the spring of
1997 with the manufacturers apparently conducting feasibility studies. The company developed a navigation system, imaging
infra-red seeker and automatic target recognition software for a version proposed to meet a British air-to-surface missile
requirement, but in July 1996, the Swedish Chief of Naval Staff stated there was no urgency to this requirement which might
not be introduced until 2010. However, in June 2000 Saab revealed plans for an RBS 15 Mark 3+ with a range in excess of 105
n miles (200 km) although an improved weapon is unlikely to appear for another five to 10 years.
On 24 September 1999, Saab Dynamics and Bodenseewerk Gerätetechnik (BGT) signed a memorandum of understanding in
which the RBS 15 Mark 3 would be marketed for the Germany's forthcoming K-130 corvette and F-125 frigate requirements.
BGT will have prime German work-share if the missile is selected for the Bundesmarine.
Description
The RBS 15 system consists of the missile, with its launcher-container, and the ship system. The missile is of cylindrical
cross-section with ogival nose. There are delta planform canards in cruciform configuration while the four folding wings are of
cropped delta shape. At the rear of the missile are two vertical boost-phase stabilisers. On top of the missile are two brackets
which are attached to the launcher-container guide rail, while on the underside is the air intake.
Internally the missile is divided, from front to rear, into guidance/electronics, warhead/fuel, and propulsion sections with a
detachable tailcone to which the stabilisers are attached. In the nose is the CelsiusTech (formerly Philips Elektronikindustrier
AB - PEAB) 9GR400 monopulse J-band (12 to 18 GHz) seeker. The broadband, frequency-agile radar with its digital
processing is claimed to provide a high ECCM performance. The seeker has two modes which may be selected by the operator;
active or active/passive lock on.
Behind the seeker is the autopilot and the electropneumatic actuation system, the FM-CW radar altimeter and the logic unit.
The logic unit acts as both the missile fire-control datalink and the test unit. It also activates the missile's pneumatic and
pyrotechnic systems. All these subsystems are provided by Saab Missiles.
The FFV 200 kg high-explosive blast fragmentation warhead and a tank of paraffin-based fuel occupy the centre section of
the missile and in the rear is the Microturbo TRI 60-2 Model 077 single-spool turbojet. This is pyrotechnically initiated and
features a three-stage axial compressor and a single-stage axial turbine. Attached to the missile are two 82 kg Atlantic Research
Corporation (ARC) solid composite propellant boosters which take the missile to its cruising speed. These boosters have 60 kg
of propellant which is cast in case.
The missile is installed in a Bofors-manufactured light alloy container weighing 750 kg empty (1,540 kg with a missile). The
container has two doors at each end and is 4.5 m long, 1 m wide and 1 m high. The missile launch rail is in the top right-hand
corner of the container so the missile is installed on its side at a 45º angle to the vertical. One or two missile containers,
inclined at an angle of 21º, are carried by the launcher support structure which is bolted to the deck. The structure is 4.93 m
long, 1.37 m wide and with two launcher-containers is 3.85 m high.
The ship system is operated by one man and consists of up to four launcher assemblies and eight missiles, control and
display panels, a computer, launcher switching units and power supply. The total weight of such a system, with eight missiles,
is approximately 14.6 t. The system receives data from ship sensors, the ship fire-control system or from external sensors on
land, sea or air. The data is displayed on a 56 × 60 × 25 cm fire-control panel to the operator and to the ship's commander on an
engagement course indicator. The fire-control panel and the computer are in the ship's combat information centre.
There are three modes of operation: test, simulation and combat. The combat mode has preparation and firing submodes with
the former offering automatic and/or manual selection of target data, missile readiness, tactical parameters and salvo numbers.
The tactical parameters' data includes seeker search pattern, target selection logic and trajectory. There is a separate selection of
the distance the missile will travel in the high-level cruise phase. Using this and other data, the system calculates missile
heading, seeker parameters, tactical boundaries and the time to the point when the missile will enter the low-level cruise phase.
The firing submode is initiated manually but the selected missiles are automatically activated and their container doors are
automatically opened. The system compensates for ship motion and ignites the boost motors which burn for approximately 3
seconds before being jettisoned. As the missile reaches its maximum altitude the turbojet is activated and the missile turns
towards the target, the maximum offset being about 90º. It then enters a predetermined high-level cruise phase, which allows it
to overfly islands, then descends to the low-level cruise phase.
At an appropriate distance from the target, the seeker is activated and the predetermined search pattern is adopted. Once the
seeker has locked on to the target the missile can then enter its terminal sea-skimming phase.
The versions of the Mark 1 missile differ only in minor improvements to the seeker and guidance systems, the M3 version
having extra guidance features but otherwise being interchangeable with the M2. Upgrading these weapons to Mark 2/Mark II
standard will mean further improvements to the seekers and guidance systems, a new fire-control system as well as new
missile/ship interfaces. The Mark 2 features a new multipurpose digital computer with increased processing power,
hardware/software enhancements to the seeker to improve both detection and ECCM performance and a new fire-control
system.
The Mark 3 missile will differ externally in having foldable wings, some shaping to reduce the radar cross-section and the
provision of two attachment lugs at the top of the missile. In addition, the former control surface arrangement of two fixed and
two mobile surfaces at the front will be replaced by four moving surfaces at the rear.
Internally there will be significant changes with fully digital autopilot, inertial measurement unit and a wave adaptive
altimeter all from Saab Dynamics, but it will retain the processor of the Mark 2. The hydraulic actuation system in the Mark 1
and Mark 2 will be replaced by an electrical type produced by FHL, and this will provide increased fuel capacity matching that
of the Mark 2. The seeker will also be enhanced and the missile will be capable of manoeuvres up to 8 g.
A major feature of the Mark 3 will be a new GEC Alsthom-designed launcher-container 4.42 m long, 1.2 m wide and 95 cm
high which differs from its predecessors in being of oval cross-section with the missile hanging from the top rather than the
side. A two-container launcher system will weigh approximately 1.5 t and will be 4.5 m long and 1 m wide.
The Mark 3 will feature a substantial increase in range to some 115 n miles (200 km) through the introduction of higher
energy JP-10 standard fuel and new multipurpose onboard processor with most of the functions software based to provide a
product improvement capability. The guidance system will include GPS mid-course update and it will provide flexible
trajectories together with a reattack capability. The high Ku-band (16 to 18 GHz) seeker will be able to select priority targets
when faced with multiple choices and in the terminal phase the missile will be able to fly a sea-skimming straight path of 3-D
manoeuvres with the seeker employing home-on-jam or chaff discrimination against `soft' kill defences. Saab is seeking to
develop a further enhanced seeker with Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) capabilities using frequency-modulated continuous
wave spread-spectrum technology with a few milliwatts of output power.
The shipborne system will feature a new fire-control system, the Missile Engagement Planning System (MEPS), using an
MMI based upon graphics with extensive operator support to assist prelaunch decision making. It is based upon a Sun SPARC
workstation and uses Ada language software with Windows. The MMI consists of a QWERTY keyboard and rollerball. The
operator will be able to set a large number of parameters including salvo size to adjust each missile's trajectory, seeker data and
terminal performance to a specific mission profile in the face of both hard and soft kill threats. The system will then present a
complete engagement plan which the operator can accept or modify. Up to eight missiles can be supported simultaneously. It is
likely that in the long term, new software packages will be produced to meet evolving threats and tactical requirements.
A submarine-launched RBS 15 Mark 3 may be considered by the Swedish Navy, but not until the second decade of the next
century. A submarine-launched land attack version would be launched from a swim-out launcher/container installed in a
special section added to the `Västergötland' class submarines. Saab is currently studying a Pre-Planned Product Improvement,
also designated Mark 3+, with extended range capable of both anti-ship and land-attack roles using a radar/infra-red sensor,
GPS receiver and terrain reference/inertial navigation system and aim-point selection.
A low-probability-of-intercept radar using frequency-modulated continuous wave spread-spectrum technology has already
been developed and tested, and the FMV had inaugurated a study into integrating this with an imaging IR sensor in the lower
part of a stepped nose. In addition, there have been tests to improve the angular resolution and target discrimination of the
seeker through synthetic aperture radar techniques including flying the missile through a turn of more than 20º for 1 to 2
seconds, which has been shown to boost seeker resolution by more than 100 per cent. Proposals considered earlier, and
possibly still under consideration, are a two-way datalink for updating targeting data, the addition of an ESM/ECCM facility,
which would analyse target emitters and jam weapon control radars, and a pre-penetrator warhead for hard targets.
Operational status
In production for Sweden and Finland. Warships using the RBS 15M are listed in the accompanying table.
Country Class Type Missile Launchers/ Weapon Search
type Missiles Control radar
Croatia `Kralj' FC B 4/8 9LV200 BT 502
`Koncar' FAC B 4/4 9LV200 Decca 1226
Finland 1 `Helsinki' FAC SF1 4/4 9LV200 9GR600
`Rauma' FAC SF1 4/8 9LV Mk 3 9GA208
Germany K-130 FC Mk 3 4/8 n/k TRS-3D
Poland² 'Orkan' FC Mk 3 n/k Tacticos n/k
Sweden `Stockholm' FC M2/3 4/8 9LV200 Giraffe 50
`Göteborg' FC M2/3 4/8 9LV Mk 3 Giraffe 150
`Norrköping' FAC M2/3 4/8 9LV200 Giraffe 50
Note: 1 The Finnish missiles are to be upgraded to SF 3 standard.
² RBS 15 Mk 3 has been selected for the upgrading of these corvettes but no orders have yet been placed.
Specifications
Length: 4.35 m
Diameter: 50 cm
Wing span: 1.4 m (unfolded)
Weight: 620/780 kg (without/with boosters); 630/800 kg (without/with boosters in Mk 3)
Speed: In excess of Mach 0.8
Range: In excess of 38 n miles (70 km) (110 n miles or 200 km in Mark 3)
Guidance: Inertial navigation and active radar (Mark 3 plus GPS mid-course update)
Contractor
Saab Bofors Dynamics AB.
UPDATED

Launch of RBS 15 missile from Swedish patrol boat
HSwMS Piteå

An RBS 15M is launched from Finnish FAC Oulu

A diagram showing the internal arrangements of the RBS 15M

A model of the launcher-container system for RBS 15 Mark 3

A mockup of the MEPS workstation

© 2002 Jane's Information Group E R Hooton

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